Guide to the Secure Configuration of Oracle Linux 7

with profile Standard System Security Profile for Oracle Linux 7
This profile contains rules to ensure standard security baseline of Oracle Linux 7 system. Regardless of your system's workload all of these checks should pass.
This guide presents a catalog of security-relevant configuration settings for Oracle Linux 7. It is a rendering of content structured in the eXtensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) in order to support security automation. The SCAP content is is available in the scap-security-guide package which is developed at https://www.open-scap.org/security-policies/scap-security-guide.

Providing system administrators with such guidance informs them how to securely configure systems under their control in a variety of network roles. Policy makers and baseline creators can use this catalog of settings, with its associated references to higher-level security control catalogs, in order to assist them in security baseline creation. This guide is a catalog, not a checklist, and satisfaction of every item is not likely to be possible or sensible in many operational scenarios. However, the XCCDF format enables granular selection and adjustment of settings, and their association with OVAL and OCIL content provides an automated checking capability. Transformations of this document, and its associated automated checking content, are capable of providing baselines that meet a diverse set of policy objectives. Some example XCCDF Profiles, which are selections of items that form checklists and can be used as baselines, are available with this guide. They can be processed, in an automated fashion, with tools that support the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). The DISA STIG, which provides required settings for US Department of Defense systems, is one example of a baseline created from this guidance.
Do not attempt to implement any of the settings in this guide without first testing them in a non-operational environment. The creators of this guidance assume no responsibility whatsoever for its use by other parties, and makes no guarantees, expressed or implied, about its quality, reliability, or any other characteristic.
Profile TitleStandard System Security Profile for Oracle Linux 7
Profile IDxccdf_org.ssgproject.content_profile_standard

Revision History

Current version: 0.1.56

  • draft (as of 2021-03-24)

Platforms

  • cpe:/o:oracle:linux:7

Table of Contents

  1. System Settings
    1. Installing and Maintaining Software
    2. Account and Access Control
    3. System Accounting with auditd
    4. Configure Syslog
    5. File Permissions and Masks
  2. Services
    1. Cron and At Daemons
    2. Base Services

Checklist

contains 72 rules

System Settings   [ref]group

Contains rules that check correct system settings.

contains 66 rules

Installing and Maintaining Software   [ref]group

The following sections contain information on security-relevant choices during the initial operating system installation process and the setup of software updates.

contains 7 rules

System and Software Integrity   [ref]group

System and software integrity can be gained by installing antivirus, increasing system encryption strength with FIPS, verifying installed software, enabling SELinux, installing an Intrusion Prevention System, etc. However, installing or enabling integrity checking tools cannot prevent intrusions, but they can detect that an intrusion may have occurred. Requirements for integrity checking may be highly dependent on the environment in which the system will be used. Snapshot-based approaches such as AIDE may induce considerable overhead in the presence of frequent software updates.

contains 2 rules

Software Integrity Checking   [ref]group

Both the AIDE (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment) software and the RPM package management system provide mechanisms for verifying the integrity of installed software. AIDE uses snapshots of file metadata (such as hashes) and compares these to current system files in order to detect changes.

The RPM package management system can conduct integrity checks by comparing information in its metadata database with files installed on the system.

contains 2 rules

Verify Integrity with RPM   [ref]group

The RPM package management system includes the ability to verify the integrity of installed packages by comparing the installed files with information about the files taken from the package metadata stored in the RPM database. Although an attacker could corrupt the RPM database (analogous to attacking the AIDE database as described above), this check can still reveal modification of important files. To list which files on the system differ from what is expected by the RPM database:

$ rpm -qVa
See the man page for rpm to see a complete explanation of each column.

contains 2 rules

Verify File Hashes with RPM   [ref]rule

Without cryptographic integrity protections, system executables and files can be altered by unauthorized users without detection. The RPM package management system can check the hashes of installed software packages, including many that are important to system security. To verify that the cryptographic hash of system files and commands matches vendor values, run the following command to list which files on the system have hashes that differ from what is expected by the RPM database:

$ rpm -Va --noconfig | grep '^..5'
A "c" in the second column indicates that a file is a configuration file, which may appropriately be expected to change. If the file was not expected to change, investigate the cause of the change using audit logs or other means. The package can then be reinstalled to restore the file. Run the following command to determine which package owns the file:
$ rpm -qf FILENAME
The package can be reinstalled from a yum repository using the command:
$ sudo yum reinstall PACKAGENAME
Alternatively, the package can be reinstalled from trusted media using the command:
$ sudo rpm -Uvh PACKAGENAME

Rationale:

The hashes of important files like system executables should match the information given by the RPM database. Executables with erroneous hashes could be a sign of nefarious activity on the system.

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)


# Find which files have incorrect hash (not in /etc, because of the system related config files) and then get files names
files_with_incorrect_hash="$(rpm -Va --noconfig | grep -E '^..5' | awk '{print $NF}' )"

# From files names get package names and change newline to space, because rpm writes each package to new line
packages_to_reinstall="$(rpm -qf $files_with_incorrect_hash | tr '\n' ' ')"

yum reinstall -y $packages_to_reinstall
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:high
Disruption:medium
Strategy:restrict
- name: 'Set fact: Package manager reinstall command (dnf)'
  set_fact:
    package_manager_reinstall_cmd: dnf reinstall -y
  when: ansible_distribution == "Fedora"
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010020
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_hashes

- name: 'Set fact: Package manager reinstall command (yum)'
  set_fact:
    package_manager_reinstall_cmd: yum reinstall -y
  when: (ansible_distribution == "RedHat" or ansible_distribution == "OracleLinux")
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010020
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_hashes

- name: Read files with incorrect hash
  command: rpm -Va --nodeps --nosize --nomtime --nordev --nocaps --nolinkto --nouser
    --nogroup --nomode --noghost --noconfig
  args:
    warn: false
  register: files_with_incorrect_hash
  changed_when: false
  failed_when: files_with_incorrect_hash.rc > 1
  check_mode: false
  when: (package_manager_reinstall_cmd is defined)
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010020
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_hashes

- name: Create list of packages
  command: rpm -qf "{{ item }}"
  args:
    warn: false
  with_items: '{{ files_with_incorrect_hash.stdout_lines | map(''regex_findall'',
    ''^[.]+[5]+.* (\/.*)'', ''\1'') | map(''join'') | select(''match'', ''(\/.*)'')
    | list | unique }}'
  register: list_of_packages
  changed_when: false
  check_mode: false
  when:
    - files_with_incorrect_hash.stdout_lines is defined
    - (files_with_incorrect_hash.stdout_lines | length > 0)
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010020
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_hashes

- name: Reinstall packages of files with incorrect hash
  command: '{{ package_manager_reinstall_cmd }} ''{{ item }}'''
  args:
    warn: false
  with_items: '{{ list_of_packages.results | map(attribute=''stdout_lines'') | list
    | unique }}'
  when:
    - files_with_incorrect_hash.stdout_lines is defined
    - (package_manager_reinstall_cmd is defined and (files_with_incorrect_hash.stdout_lines
      | length > 0))
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010020
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_hashes

Verify and Correct File Permissions with RPM   [ref]rule

The RPM package management system can check file access permissions of installed software packages, including many that are important to system security. Verify that the file permissions of system files and commands match vendor values. Check the file permissions with the following command:

$ sudo rpm -Va | awk '{ if (substr($0,2,1)=="M") print $NF }'
Output indicates files that do not match vendor defaults. After locating a file with incorrect permissions, run the following command to determine which package owns it:
$ rpm -qf FILENAME

Next, run the following command to reset its permissions to the correct values:
$ sudo rpm --setperms PACKAGENAME

Warning:  Profiles may require that specific files have stricter file permissions than defined by the vendor. Such files will be reported as a finding and need to be evaluated according to your policy and deployment environment.
Rationale:

Permissions on system binaries and configuration files that are too generous could allow an unauthorized user to gain privileges that they should not have. The permissions set by the vendor should be maintained. Any deviations from this baseline should be investigated.

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:high
Disruption:medium
Strategy:restrict

# Declare array to hold set of RPM packages we need to correct permissions for
declare -A SETPERMS_RPM_DICT

# Create a list of files on the system having permissions different from what
# is expected by the RPM database
readarray -t FILES_WITH_INCORRECT_PERMS < <(rpm -Va --nofiledigest | awk '{ if (substr($0,2,1)=="M") print $NF }')

for FILE_PATH in "${FILES_WITH_INCORRECT_PERMS[@]}"
do
        # NOTE: some files maybe controlled by more then one package
        readarray -t RPM_PACKAGES < <(rpm -qf "${FILE_PATH}")
        for RPM_PACKAGE in "${RPM_PACKAGES[@]}"
        do
                # Use an associative array to store packages as it's keys, not having to care about duplicates.
                SETPERMS_RPM_DICT["$RPM_PACKAGE"]=1
        done
done

# For each of the RPM packages left in the list -- reset its permissions to the
# correct values
for RPM_PACKAGE in "${!SETPERMS_RPM_DICT[@]}"
do
	rpm --restore "${RPM_PACKAGE}"
done
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:high
Disruption:medium
Strategy:restrict
- name: Read list of files with incorrect permissions
  command: rpm -Va --nodeps --nosignature --nofiledigest --nosize --nomtime --nordev
    --nocaps --nolinkto --nouser --nogroup
  args:
    warn: false
  register: files_with_incorrect_permissions
  failed_when: files_with_incorrect_permissions.rc > 1
  changed_when: false
  check_mode: false
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010010
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_permissions

- name: Create list of packages
  command: rpm -qf "{{ item }}"
  args:
    warn: false
  with_items: '{{ files_with_incorrect_permissions.stdout_lines | map(''regex_findall'',
    ''^[.]+[M]+.* (\/.*)'', ''\1'') | map(''join'') | select(''match'', ''(\/.*)'')
    | list | unique }}'
  register: list_of_packages
  changed_when: false
  check_mode: false
  when: (files_with_incorrect_permissions.stdout_lines | length > 0)
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010010
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_permissions

- name: Correct file permissions with RPM
  command: rpm --setperms '{{ item }}'
  args:
    warn: false
  with_items: '{{ list_of_packages.results | map(attribute=''stdout_lines'') | list
    | unique }}'
  when: (files_with_incorrect_permissions.stdout_lines | length > 0)
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010010
    - NIST-800-171-3.3.8
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.1
    - NIST-800-53-AU-9(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(c)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(d)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(1)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7(6)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-11.5
    - high_complexity
    - high_severity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy
    - rpm_verify_permissions

Updating Software   [ref]group

The yum command line tool is used to install and update software packages. The system also provides a graphical software update tool in the System menu, in the Administration submenu, called Software Update.

Oracle Linux 7 systems contain an installed software catalog called the RPM database, which records metadata of installed packages. Consistently using yum or the graphical Software Update for all software installation allows for insight into the current inventory of installed software on the system.

contains 3 rules

Ensure Oracle Linux GPG Key Installed   [ref]rule

To ensure the system can cryptographically verify base software packages come from Oracle (and to connect to the Unbreakable Linux Network to receive them), the Oracle GPG key must properly be installed. To install the Oracle GPG key, run:

$ sudo uln_register
If the system is not connected to the Internet, then install the Oracle GPG key from trusted media such as the Oracle installation CD-ROM or DVD. Assuming the disc is mounted in /media/cdrom, use the following command as the root user to import it into the keyring:
$ sudo rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY

Rationale:

Changes to software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor. The Oracle GPG key is necessary to cryptographically verify packages are from Oracle.

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# OL fingerprints below retrieved from Oracle Linux Yum Server "Frequently Asked Questions"
# https://yum.oracle.com/faq.html#a10
readonly OL_FINGERPRINT="42144123FECFC55B9086313D72F97B74EC551F03"
readonly OL8_FINGERPRINT="76FD3DB13AB67410B89DB10E82562EA9AD986DA3"

# Location of the key we would like to import (once it's integrity verified)
readonly OL_RELEASE_KEY="/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-oracle"

RPM_GPG_DIR_PERMS=$(stat -c %a "$(dirname "$OL_RELEASE_KEY")")

# Verify /etc/pki/rpm-gpg directory permissions are safe
if [ "${RPM_GPG_DIR_PERMS}" -le "755" ]
then
  # If they are safe, try to obtain fingerprints from the key file
  # (to ensure there won't be e.g. CRC error)
  readarray -t GPG_OUT < <(gpg --with-fingerprint --with-colons "$OL_RELEASE_KEY" | grep "^fpr" | cut -d ":" -f 10)
  GPG_RESULT=$?
  # No CRC error, safe to proceed
  if [ "${GPG_RESULT}" -eq "0" ]
  then
    # Filter just hexadecimal fingerprints from gpg's output from
    # processing of a key file
    echo "${GPG_OUT[*]}" | grep -vE "${OL_FINGERPRINT}|${OL8_FINGERPRINT}" || {
      # If $ OL_RELEASE_KEY file doesn't contain any keys with unknown fingerprint, import it
      rpm --import "${OL_RELEASE_KEY}"
    }
  fi
fi

Ensure gpgcheck Enabled In Main yum Configuration   [ref]rule

The gpgcheck option controls whether RPM packages' signatures are always checked prior to installation. To configure yum to check package signatures before installing them, ensure the following line appears in /etc/yum.conf in the [main] section:

gpgcheck=1

Rationale:

Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor.
Accordingly, patches, service packs, device drivers, or operating system components must be signed with a certificate recognized and approved by the organization.
Verifying the authenticity of the software prior to installation validates the integrity of the patch or upgrade received from a vendor. This ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor. Self-signed certificates are disallowed by this requirement. Certificates used to verify the software must be from an approved Certificate Authority (CA).

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if rpm --quiet -q yum; then

# Function to replace configuration setting in config file or add the configuration setting if
# it does not exist.
#
# Expects arguments:
#
# config_file:		Configuration file that will be modified
# key:			Configuration option to change
# value:		Value of the configuration option to change
# cce:			The CCE identifier or '@CCENUM@' if no CCE identifier exists
# format:		The printf-like format string that will be given stripped key and value as arguments,
#			so e.g. '%s=%s' will result in key=value subsitution (i.e. without spaces around =)
#
# Optional arugments:
#
# format:		Optional argument to specify the format of how key/value should be
# 			modified/appended in the configuration file. The default is key = value.
#
# Example Call(s):
#
#     With default format of 'key = value':
#     replace_or_append '/etc/sysctl.conf' '^kernel.randomize_va_space' '2' '@CCENUM@'
#
#     With custom key/value format:
#     replace_or_append '/etc/sysconfig/selinux' '^SELINUX=' 'disabled' '@CCENUM@' '%s=%s'
#
#     With a variable:
#     replace_or_append '/etc/sysconfig/selinux' '^SELINUX=' $var_selinux_state '@CCENUM@' '%s=%s'
#
function replace_or_append {
  local default_format='%s = %s' case_insensitive_mode=yes sed_case_insensitive_option='' grep_case_insensitive_option=''
  local config_file=$1
  local key=$2
  local value=$3
  local cce=$4
  local format=$5

  if [ "$case_insensitive_mode" = yes ]; then
    sed_case_insensitive_option="i"
    grep_case_insensitive_option="-i"
  fi
  [ -n "$format" ] || format="$default_format"
  # Check sanity of the input
  [ $# -ge "3" ] || { echo "Usage: replace_or_append <config_file_location> <key_to_search> <new_value> [<CCE number or literal '@CCENUM@' if unknown>] [printf-like format, default is '$default_format']" >&2; exit 1; }

  # Test if the config_file is a symbolic link. If so, use --follow-symlinks with sed.
  # Otherwise, regular sed command will do.
  sed_command=('sed' '-i')
  if test -L "$config_file"; then
    sed_command+=('--follow-symlinks')
  fi

  # Test that the cce arg is not empty or does not equal @CCENUM@.
  # If @CCENUM@ exists, it means that there is no CCE assigned.
  if [ -n "$cce" ] && [ "$cce" != '@CCENUM@' ]; then
    cce="${cce}"
  else
    cce="CCE"
  fi

  # Strip any search characters in the key arg so that the key can be replaced without
  # adding any search characters to the config file.
  stripped_key=$(sed 's/[\^=\$,;+]*//g' <<< "$key")

  # shellcheck disable=SC2059
  printf -v formatted_output "$format" "$stripped_key" "$value"

  # If the key exists, change it. Otherwise, add it to the config_file.
  # We search for the key string followed by a word boundary (matched by \>),
  # so if we search for 'setting', 'setting2' won't match.
  if LC_ALL=C grep -q -m 1 $grep_case_insensitive_option -e "${key}\\>" "$config_file"; then
    "${sed_command[@]}" "s/${key}\\>.*/$formatted_output/g$sed_case_insensitive_option" "$config_file"
  else
    # \n is precaution for case where file ends without trailing newline
    printf '\n# Per %s: Set %s in %s\n' "$cce" "$formatted_output" "$config_file" >> "$config_file"
    printf '%s\n' "$formatted_output" >> "$config_file"
  fi
}
replace_or_append "/etc/yum.conf" '^gpgcheck' '1' ''

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:medium
- name: Gather the package facts
  package_facts:
    manager: auto
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020050
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.8
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(b)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-5(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12(10)
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12(3)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - PCI-DSS-Req-6.2
    - ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - unknown_strategy

- name: Check existence of yum on Fedora
  stat:
    path: /etc/yum.conf
  register: yum_config_file
  check_mode: false
  when:
    - ansible_distribution == "Fedora"
    - '"yum" in ansible_facts.packages'
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020050
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.8
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(b)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-5(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12(10)
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12(3)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - PCI-DSS-Req-6.2
    - ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - unknown_strategy

- name: Ensure GPG check is globally activated (yum)
  ini_file:
    dest: /etc/yum.conf
    section: main
    option: gpgcheck
    value: 1
    no_extra_spaces: true
    create: false
  when:
    - (ansible_distribution == "RedHat" or ansible_distribution == "CentOS" or ansible_distribution
      == "Scientific" or yum_config_file.stat.exists)
    - '"yum" in ansible_facts.packages'
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020050
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.8
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(b)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-5(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12(10)
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12(3)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - PCI-DSS-Req-6.2
    - ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - unknown_strategy

- name: Ensure GPG check is globally activated (dnf)
  ini_file:
    dest: /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
    section: main
    option: gpgcheck
    value: 1
    no_extra_spaces: true
    create: false
  when:
    - ansible_distribution == "Fedora"
    - '"yum" in ansible_facts.packages'
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020050
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.8
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-11(b)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-5(3)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12
    - NIST-800-53-SA-12(10)
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12
    - NIST-800-53-SC-12(3)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-7
    - PCI-DSS-Req-6.2
    - ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_reboot_needed
    - unknown_strategy

Ensure Software Patches Installed   [ref]rule

If the system is joined to the ULN or a yum server, run the following command to install updates:

$ sudo yum update
If the system is not configured to use one of these sources, updates (in the form of RPM packages) can be manually downloaded from the ULN and installed using rpm.

NOTE: U.S. Defense systems are required to be patched within 30 days or sooner as local policy dictates.

Warning:  The OVAL feed of Oracle Linux 7 is not a XML file, which may not be understood by all scanners.
Rationale:

Installing software updates is a fundamental mitigation against the exploitation of publicly-known vulnerabilities. If the most recent security patches and updates are not installed, unauthorized users may take advantage of weaknesses in the unpatched software. The lack of prompt attention to patching could result in a system compromise.

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Reboot:true
Strategy:patch


yum -y update
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Reboot:true
Strategy:patch
- name: Security patches are up to date
  package:
    name: '*'
    state: latest
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.10.4.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020260
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-2(5)
    - NIST-800-53-SI-2(c)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-6.2
    - high_disruption
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - patch_strategy
    - reboot_required
    - security_patches_up_to_date
    - skip_ansible_lint

Disk Partitioning   [ref]group

To ensure separation and protection of data, there are top-level system directories which should be placed on their own physical partition or logical volume. The installer's default partitioning scheme creates separate logical volumes for /, /boot, and swap.

  • If starting with any of the default layouts, check the box to \"Review and modify partitioning.\" This allows for the easy creation of additional logical volumes inside the volume group already created, though it may require making /'s logical volume smaller to create space. In general, using logical volumes is preferable to using partitions because they can be more easily adjusted later.
  • If creating a custom layout, create the partitions mentioned in the previous paragraph (which the installer will require anyway), as well as separate ones described in the following sections.
If a system has already been installed, and the default partitioning scheme was used, it is possible but nontrivial to modify it to create separate logical volumes for the directories listed above. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) makes this possible. See the LVM HOWTO at http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/ for more detailed information on LVM.

contains 2 rules

Ensure /var/log/audit Located On Separate Partition   [ref]rule

Audit logs are stored in the /var/log/audit directory. Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume at installation time, or migrate it later using LVM. Make absolutely certain that it is large enough to store all audit logs that will be created by the auditing daemon.

Rationale:

Placing /var/log/audit in its own partition enables better separation between audit files and other files, and helps ensure that auditing cannot be halted due to the partition running out of space.

Severity:  low

Remediation Anaconda snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Strategy:enable

part /var/log/audit

Ensure /var/log Located On Separate Partition   [ref]rule

System logs are stored in the /var/log directory. Ensure that it has its own partition or logical volume at installation time, or migrate it using LVM.

Rationale:

Placing /var/log in its own partition enables better separation between log files and other files in /var/.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Anaconda snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Strategy:enable

part /var/log

Account and Access Control   [ref]group

In traditional Unix security, if an attacker gains shell access to a certain login account, they can perform any action or access any file to which that account has access. Therefore, making it more difficult for unauthorized people to gain shell access to accounts, particularly to privileged accounts, is a necessary part of securing a system. This section introduces mechanisms for restricting access to accounts under Oracle Linux 7.

contains 4 rules

Protect Accounts by Restricting Password-Based Login   [ref]group

Conventionally, Unix shell accounts are accessed by providing a username and password to a login program, which tests these values for correctness using the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files. Password-based login is vulnerable to guessing of weak passwords, and to sniffing and man-in-the-middle attacks against passwords entered over a network or at an insecure console. Therefore, mechanisms for accessing accounts by entering usernames and passwords should be restricted to those which are operationally necessary.

contains 2 rules

Verify Proper Storage and Existence of Password Hashes   [ref]group

By default, password hashes for local accounts are stored in the second field (colon-separated) in /etc/shadow. This file should be readable only by processes running with root credentials, preventing users from casually accessing others' password hashes and attempting to crack them. However, it remains possible to misconfigure the system and store password hashes in world-readable files such as /etc/passwd, or to even store passwords themselves in plaintext on the system. Using system-provided tools for password change/creation should allow administrators to avoid such misconfiguration.

contains 2 rules

Prevent Login to Accounts With Empty Password   [ref]rule

If an account is configured for password authentication but does not have an assigned password, it may be possible to log into the account without authentication. Remove any instances of the nullok in /etc/pam.d/system-auth to prevent logins with empty passwords.

Rationale:

If an account has an empty password, anyone could log in and run commands with the privileges of that account. Accounts with empty passwords should never be used in operational environments.

Severity:  high

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

sed --follow-symlinks -i 's/\<nullok\>//g' /etc/pam.d/system-auth
sed --follow-symlinks -i 's/\<nullok\>//g' /etc/pam.d/password-auth
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:medium
Strategy:configure
- name: Prevent Log In to Accounts With Empty Password - system-auth
  replace:
    dest: /etc/pam.d/system-auth
    regexp: nullok
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.5.2
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010290
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.5
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-IA-5(1)(a)
    - NIST-800-53-IA-5(c)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-8.2.3
    - configure_strategy
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_empty_passwords
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Prevent Log In to Accounts With Empty Password - password-auth
  replace:
    dest: /etc/pam.d/password-auth
    regexp: nullok
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.5.2
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-010290
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.5
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-IA-5(1)(a)
    - NIST-800-53-IA-5(c)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-8.2.3
    - configure_strategy
    - high_severity
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - no_empty_passwords
    - no_reboot_needed
Remediation script:   (show)

apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
kind: MachineConfig
spec:
  config:
    ignition:
      version: 3.1.0
    storage:
      files:
      - contents:
          source: data:,%23%20Generated%20by%20authselect%20on%20Sat%20Oct%2027%2014%3A59%3A36%202018%0A%23%20Do%20not%20modify%20this%20file%20manually.%0A%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_env.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_faildelay.so%20delay%3D2000000%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_fprintd.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3D1%20ignore%3Dignore%20success%3Dok%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3E%3D%201000%20quiet%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3D1%20ignore%3Dignore%20success%3Dok%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_localuser.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%20try_first_pass%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20requisite%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3E%3D%201000%20quiet_success%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%20forward_pass%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_deny.so%0A%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_localuser.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3C%201000%20quiet%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3Dbad%20success%3Dok%20user_unknown%3Dignore%5D%20pam_sss.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_permit.so%0A%0Apassword%20%20%20%20requisite%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_pwquality.so%20try_first_pass%20local_users_only%0Apassword%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%20sha512%20shadow%20try_first_pass%20use_authtok%0Apassword%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%20use_authtok%0Apassword%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_deny.so%0A%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_keyinit.so%20revoke%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_limits.so%0A-session%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_systemd.so%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20%5Bsuccess%3D1%20default%3Dignore%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20service%20in%20crond%20quiet%20use_uid%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%0A
        mode: 0644
        path: /etc/pam.d/password-auth
        overwrite: true
      - contents:
          source: data:,%23%20Generated%20by%20authselect%20on%20Sat%20Oct%2027%2014%3A59%3A36%202018%0A%23%20Do%20not%20modify%20this%20file%20manually.%0A%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_env.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_faildelay.so%20delay%3D2000000%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_fprintd.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3D1%20ignore%3Dignore%20success%3Dok%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3E%3D%201000%20quiet%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3D1%20ignore%3Dignore%20success%3Dok%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_localuser.so%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%20try_first_pass%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20requisite%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3E%3D%201000%20quiet_success%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%20forward_pass%0Aauth%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_deny.so%0A%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_localuser.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20uid%20%3C%201000%20quiet%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20%5Bdefault%3Dbad%20success%3Dok%20user_unknown%3Dignore%5D%20pam_sss.so%0Aaccount%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_permit.so%0A%0Apassword%20%20%20%20requisite%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_pwquality.so%20try_first_pass%20local_users_only%0Apassword%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%20sha512%20shadow%20try_first_pass%20use_authtok%0Apassword%20%20%20%20sufficient%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%20use_authtok%0Apassword%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_deny.so%0A%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_keyinit.so%20revoke%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_limits.so%0A-session%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_systemd.so%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20%5Bsuccess%3D1%20default%3Dignore%5D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_succeed_if.so%20service%20in%20crond%20quiet%20use_uid%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20required%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_unix.so%0Asession%20%20%20%20%20optional%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pam_sss.so%0A
        mode: 0644
        path: /etc/pam.d/system-auth
        overwrite: true

Verify All Account Password Hashes are Shadowed   [ref]rule

If any password hashes are stored in /etc/passwd (in the second field, instead of an x or *), the cause of this misconfiguration should be investigated. The account should have its password reset and the hash should be properly stored, or the account should be deleted entirely.

Rationale:

The hashes for all user account passwords should be stored in the file /etc/shadow and never in /etc/passwd, which is readable by all users.

Severity:  medium

Secure Session Configuration Files for Login Accounts   [ref]group

When a user logs into a Unix account, the system configures the user's session by reading a number of files. Many of these files are located in the user's home directory, and may have weak permissions as a result of user error or misconfiguration. If an attacker can modify or even read certain types of account configuration information, they can often gain full access to the affected user's account. Therefore, it is important to test and correct configuration file permissions for interactive accounts, particularly those of privileged users such as root or system administrators.

contains 2 rules

Ensure that No Dangerous Directories Exist in Root's Path   [ref]group

The active path of the root account can be obtained by starting a new root shell and running:

# echo $PATH
This will produce a colon-separated list of directories in the path.

Certain path elements could be considered dangerous, as they could lead to root executing unknown or untrusted programs, which could contain malicious code. Since root may sometimes work inside untrusted directories, the . character, which represents the current directory, should never be in the root path, nor should any directory which can be written to by an unprivileged or semi-privileged (system) user.

It is a good practice for administrators to always execute privileged commands by typing the full path to the command.

contains 2 rules

Ensure that Root's Path Does Not Include Relative Paths or Null Directories   [ref]rule

Ensure that none of the directories in root's path is equal to a single . character, or that it contains any instances that lead to relative path traversal, such as .. or beginning a path without the slash (/) character. Also ensure that there are no "empty" elements in the path, such as in these examples:

PATH=:/bin
PATH=/bin:
PATH=/bin::/sbin
These empty elements have the same effect as a single . character.

Rationale:

Including these entries increases the risk that root could execute code from an untrusted location.

Severity:  unknown

Ensure that Root's Path Does Not Include World or Group-Writable Directories   [ref]rule

For each element in root's path, run:

# ls -ld DIR
and ensure that write permissions are disabled for group and other.

Rationale:

Such entries increase the risk that root could execute code provided by unprivileged users, and potentially malicious code.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:medium
Strategy:restrict
- name: Print error message if user is not root
  fail:
    msg: Root account required to read root $PATH
  when: ansible_user != "root"
  ignore_errors: true
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - accounts_root_path_dirs_no_write
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Get root paths which are not symbolic links
  stat:
    path: '{{ item }}'
  changed_when: false
  failed_when: false
  register: root_paths
  with_items: '{{ ansible_env.PATH.split('':'') }}'
  when: ansible_user == "root"
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - accounts_root_path_dirs_no_write
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Disable writability to root directories
  file:
    path: '{{ item.item }}'
    mode: g-w,o-w
  with_items: '{{ root_paths.results }}'
  when:
    - root_paths.results is defined
    - item.stat.exists
    - not item.stat.islnk
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - accounts_root_path_dirs_no_write
    - low_complexity
    - medium_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

System Accounting with auditd   [ref]group

The audit service provides substantial capabilities for recording system activities. By default, the service audits about SELinux AVC denials and certain types of security-relevant events such as system logins, account modifications, and authentication events performed by programs such as sudo. Under its default configuration, auditd has modest disk space requirements, and should not noticeably impact system performance.

NOTE: The Linux Audit daemon auditd can be configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules files (*.rules) located in /etc/audit/rules.d location and compile them to create the resulting form of the /etc/audit/audit.rules configuration file during the daemon startup (default configuration). Alternatively, the auditd daemon can use the auditctl utility to read audit rules from the /etc/audit/audit.rules configuration file during daemon startup, and load them into the kernel. The expected behavior is configured via the appropriate ExecStartPost directive setting in the /usr/lib/systemd/system/auditd.service configuration file. To instruct the auditd daemon to use the augenrules program to read audit rules (default configuration), use the following setting:

ExecStartPost=-/sbin/augenrules --load
in the /usr/lib/systemd/system/auditd.service configuration file. In order to instruct the auditd daemon to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules, use the following setting:
ExecStartPost=-/sbin/auditctl -R /etc/audit/audit.rules
in the /usr/lib/systemd/system/auditd.service configuration file. Refer to [Service] section of the /usr/lib/systemd/system/auditd.service configuration file for further details.

Government networks often have substantial auditing requirements and auditd can be configured to meet these requirements. Examining some example audit records demonstrates how the Linux audit system satisfies common requirements. The following example from Fedora Documentation available at https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/SELinux_Users_and_Administrators_Guide/sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Troubleshooting-Fixing_Problems.html#sect-Security-Enhanced_Linux-Fixing_Problems-Raw_Audit_Messages shows the substantial amount of information captured in a two typical "raw" audit messages, followed by a breakdown of the most important fields. In this example the message is SELinux-related and reports an AVC denial (and the associated system call) that occurred when the Apache HTTP Server attempted to access the /var/www/html/file1 file (labeled with the samba_share_t type):
type=AVC msg=audit(1226874073.147:96): avc:  denied  { getattr } for pid=2465 comm="httpd"
path="/var/www/html/file1" dev=dm-0 ino=284133 scontext=unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0
tcontext=unconfined_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 tclass=file

type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1226874073.147:96): arch=40000003 syscall=196 success=no exit=-13
a0=b98df198 a1=bfec85dc a2=54dff4 a3=2008171 items=0 ppid=2463 pid=2465 auid=502 uid=48
gid=48 euid=48 suid=48 fsuid=48 egid=48 sgid=48 fsgid=48 tty=(none) ses=6 comm="httpd"
exe="/usr/sbin/httpd" subj=unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 key=(null)
  • msg=audit(1226874073.147:96)
    • The number in parentheses is the unformatted time stamp (Epoch time) for the event, which can be converted to standard time by using the date command.
  • { getattr }
    • The item in braces indicates the permission that was denied. getattr indicates the source process was trying to read the target file's status information. This occurs before reading files. This action is denied due to the file being accessed having the wrong label. Commonly seen permissions include getattr, read, and write.
  • comm="httpd"
    • The executable that launched the process. The full path of the executable is found in the exe= section of the system call (SYSCALL) message, which in this case, is exe="/usr/sbin/httpd".
  • path="/var/www/html/file1"
    • The path to the object (target) the process attempted to access.
  • scontext="unconfined_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0"
    • The SELinux context of the process that attempted the denied action. In this case, it is the SELinux context of the Apache HTTP Server, which is running in the httpd_t domain.
  • tcontext="unconfined_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0"
    • The SELinux context of the object (target) the process attempted to access. In this case, it is the SELinux context of file1. Note: the samba_share_t type is not accessible to processes running in the httpd_t domain.
  • From the system call (SYSCALL) message, two items are of interest:
    • success=no: indicates whether the denial (AVC) was enforced or not. success=no indicates the system call was not successful (SELinux denied access). success=yes indicates the system call was successful - this can be seen for permissive domains or unconfined domains, such as initrc_t and kernel_t.
    • exe="/usr/sbin/httpd": the full path to the executable that launched the process, which in this case, is exe="/usr/sbin/httpd".

contains 46 rules

Configure auditd Rules for Comprehensive Auditing   [ref]group

The auditd program can perform comprehensive monitoring of system activity. This section describes recommended configuration settings for comprehensive auditing, but a full description of the auditing system's capabilities is beyond the scope of this guide. The mailing list linux-audit@redhat.com exists to facilitate community discussion of the auditing system.

The audit subsystem supports extensive collection of events, including:

  • Tracing of arbitrary system calls (identified by name or number) on entry or exit.
  • Filtering by PID, UID, call success, system call argument (with some limitations), etc.
  • Monitoring of specific files for modifications to the file's contents or metadata.

Auditing rules at startup are controlled by the file /etc/audit/audit.rules. Add rules to it to meet the auditing requirements for your organization. Each line in /etc/audit/audit.rules represents a series of arguments that can be passed to auditctl and can be individually tested during runtime. See documentation in /usr/share/doc/audit-VERSION and in the related man pages for more details.

If copying any example audit rulesets from /usr/share/doc/audit-VERSION, be sure to comment out the lines containing arch= which are not appropriate for your system's architecture. Then review and understand the following rules, ensuring rules are activated as needed for the appropriate architecture.

After reviewing all the rules, reading the following sections, and editing as needed, the new rules can be activated as follows:
$ sudo service auditd restart

contains 46 rules

Record Unauthorized Access Attempts Events to Files (unsuccessful)   [ref]group

At a minimum, the audit system should collect unauthorized file accesses for all users and root. Note that the "-F arch=b32" lines should be present even on a 64 bit system. These commands identify system calls for auditing. Even if the system is 64 bit it can still execute 32 bit system calls. Additionally, these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. An example of this is that the "-S" calls could be split up and placed on separate lines, however, this is less efficient. Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
    -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
If your system is 64 bit then these lines should be duplicated and the arch=b32 replaced with arch=b64 as follows:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
    -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access

contains 1 rule

Ensure auditd Collects Unauthorized Access Attempts to Files (unsuccessful)   [ref]rule

At a minimum the audit system should collect unauthorized file accesses for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following lines to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following lines:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following lines to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following lines:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,open_by_handle_at,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=access

Warning:  This rule checks for multiple syscalls related to unsuccessful file modification; it was written with DISA STIG in mind. Other policies should use a separate rule for each syscall that needs to be checked. For example:
  • audit_rules_unsuccessful_file_modification_open
  • audit_rules_unsuccessful_file_modification_ftruncate
  • audit_rules_unsuccessful_file_modification_creat
Rationale:

Unsuccessful attempts to access files could be an indicator of malicious activity on a system. Auditing these events could serve as evidence of potential system compromise.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do

	# First fix the -EACCES requirement
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k *"
	# Use escaped BRE regex to specify rule group
	GROUP="\(creat\|open\|truncate\)"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S creat -S open -S openat -S open_by_handle_at -S truncate -S ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access"
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

	# Then fix the -EPERM requirement
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k *"
	# No need to change content of $GROUP variable - it's the same as for -EACCES case above
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S creat -S open -S openat -S open_by_handle_at -S truncate -S ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k access"
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi

Record File Deletion Events by User   [ref]group

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file deletion events for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S rmdir,unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S rmdir,unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=delete

contains 1 rule

Ensure auditd Collects File Deletion Events by User   [ref]rule

At a minimum the audit system should collect file deletion events for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S rmdir,unlink,unlinkat,rename,renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=delete
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S rmdir,unlink,unlinkat,rename -S renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=delete

Warning:  This rule checks for multiple syscalls related to file deletion; it was written with DISA STIG in mind. Other policies should use a separate rule for each syscall that needs to be checked. For example:
  • audit_rules_file_deletion_events_rmdir
  • audit_rules_file_deletion_events_unlink
  • audit_rules_file_deletion_events_unlinkat
Rationale:

Auditing file deletions will create an audit trail for files that are removed from the system. The audit trail could aid in system troubleshooting, as well as, detecting malicious processes that attempt to delete log files to conceal their presence.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k *"
	# Use escaped BRE regex to specify rule group
	GROUP="\(rmdir\|unlink\|rename\)"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S rmdir -S unlink -S unlinkat -S rename -S renameat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -k delete"
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi

Record Information on the Use of Privileged Commands   [ref]group

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root.

contains 20 rules

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - umount   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/umount.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_umount
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030750
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_umount.matched is defined and find_umount.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030750
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_umount.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_umount.matched is defined and find_umount.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030750
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the umount rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030750
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the umount rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/umount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030750
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - crontab   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/crontab.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_crontab
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030800
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_crontab
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_crontab.matched is defined and find_crontab.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030800
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_crontab
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_crontab.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_crontab.matched is defined and find_crontab.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030800
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_crontab
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the crontab rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030800
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_crontab
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the crontab rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/crontab -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030800
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_crontab
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - chage   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/chage.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_chage
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030660
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chage
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_chage.matched is defined and find_chage.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030660
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chage
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_chage.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_chage.matched is defined and find_chage.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030660
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chage
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chage rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030660
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chage
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chage rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chage -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030660
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chage
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - ssh-keysign   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign -F auid>=1000 
-F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign
-F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_ssh_keysign
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030780
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_ssh_keysign
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_ssh_keysign.matched is defined and find_ssh_keysign.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030780
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_ssh_keysign
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_ssh_keysign.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_ssh_keysign.matched is defined and find_ssh_keysign.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030780
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_ssh_keysign
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the ssh_keysign rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign -F auid>=1000 -F
      auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030780
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_ssh_keysign
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the ssh_keysign rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/libexec/openssh/ssh-keysign -F auid>=1000 -F
      auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030780
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_ssh_keysign
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - sudoedit   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/sudoedit.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_sudoedit
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudoedit
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_sudoedit.matched is defined and find_sudoedit.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudoedit
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_sudoedit.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_sudoedit.matched is defined and find_sudoedit.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudoedit
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the sudoedit rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudoedit
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the sudoedit rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudoedit -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudoedit
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - at   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/at.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_at
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_at
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_at.matched is defined and find_at.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_at
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_at.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_at.matched is defined and find_at.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_at
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the at rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_at
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the at rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/at -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_at
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - postqueue   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/postqueue.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_postqueue
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030770
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postqueue
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_postqueue.matched is defined and find_postqueue.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030770
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postqueue
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_postqueue.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_postqueue.matched is defined and find_postqueue.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030770
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postqueue
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the postqueue rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030770
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postqueue
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the postqueue rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postqueue -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030770
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postqueue
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - chsh   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/chsh.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_chsh
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030720
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chsh
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_chsh.matched is defined and find_chsh.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030720
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chsh
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_chsh.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_chsh.matched is defined and find_chsh.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030720
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chsh
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chsh rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030720
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chsh
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chsh rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chsh -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030720
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_chsh
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - unix_chkpwd   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_unix_chkpwd
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030640
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_unix_chkpwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_unix_chkpwd.matched is defined and find_unix_chkpwd.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030640
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_unix_chkpwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_unix_chkpwd.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_unix_chkpwd.matched is defined and find_unix_chkpwd.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030640
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_unix_chkpwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the unix_chkpwd rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030640
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_unix_chkpwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the unix_chkpwd rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030640
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_unix_chkpwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - newgrp   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/newgrp.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_newgrp
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030710
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_newgrp
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_newgrp.matched is defined and find_newgrp.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030710
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_newgrp
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_newgrp.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_newgrp.matched is defined and find_newgrp.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030710
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_newgrp
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the newgrp rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030710
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_newgrp
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the newgrp rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/newgrp -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030710
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_newgrp
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - pam_timestamp_check   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check
-F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check
-F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_pam_timestamp_check
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030810
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_pam_timestamp_check
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_pam_timestamp_check.matched is defined and find_pam_timestamp_check.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030810
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_pam_timestamp_check
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_pam_timestamp_check.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
        }}'
  when:
    - find_pam_timestamp_check.matched is defined and find_pam_timestamp_check.matched
      > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030810
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_pam_timestamp_check
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the pam_timestamp_check rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030810
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_pam_timestamp_check
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the pam_timestamp_check rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/pam_timestamp_check -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030810
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_pam_timestamp_check
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - gpasswd   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/gpasswd.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_gpasswd
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030650
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_gpasswd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_gpasswd.matched is defined and find_gpasswd.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030650
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_gpasswd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_gpasswd.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_gpasswd.matched is defined and find_gpasswd.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030650
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_gpasswd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the gpasswd rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030650
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_gpasswd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the gpasswd rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/gpasswd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030650
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_gpasswd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - su   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/su.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_su
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030680
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_su.matched is defined and find_su.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030680
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_su.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_su.matched is defined and find_su.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030680
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the su rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030680
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the su rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/su -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030680
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - passwd   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/passwd.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_passwd
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030630
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_passwd.matched is defined and find_passwd.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030630
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_passwd.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_passwd.matched is defined and find_passwd.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030630
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the passwd rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030630
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the passwd rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/passwd -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030630
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands   [ref]rule

The audit system should collect information about usage of privileged commands for all users and root. To find the relevant setuid / setgid programs, run the following command for each local partition PART:

$ sudo find PART -xdev -type f -perm -4000 -o -type f -perm -2000 2>/dev/null
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d for each setuid / setgid program on the system, replacing the SETUID_PROG_PATH part with the full path of that setuid / setgid program in the list:
-a always,exit -F path=SETUID_PROG_PATH -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules for each setuid / setgid program on the system, replacing the SETUID_PROG_PATH part with the full path of that setuid / setgid program in the list:
-a always,exit -F path=SETUID_PROG_PATH -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Warning:  This rule checks for multiple syscalls related to privileged commands; it was written with DISA STIG in mind. Other policies should use a separate rule for each syscall that needs to be checked. For example:
  • audit_rules_privileged_commands_su
  • audit_rules_privileged_commands_umount
  • audit_rules_privileged_commands_passwd
Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to perform remediation for 'audit_rules_privileged_commands' rule
#
# Expects two arguments:
#
# audit_tool		tool used to load audit rules
# 			One of 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'
#
# min_auid		Minimum original ID the user logged in with
#
# Example Call(s):
#
#      perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation "auditctl" "500"
#      perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation "augenrules"	"1000"
#
function perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation {
#
# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local min_auid="$2"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "2" ]
then
	echo "Usage: perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation 'auditctl | augenrules' '500 | 1000'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

declare -a files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then:
# * add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'to the list of files to be inspected,
# * specify '/etc/audit/audit.rules' as the output audit file, where
#   missing rules should be inserted
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect=("/etc/audit/audit.rules")
	output_audit_file="/etc/audit/audit.rules"
#
# If the audit tool is 'augenrules', then:
# * add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list of files to be inspected
#   (split by newline),
# * specify /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules' as the output file, where
#   missing rules should be inserted
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t files_to_inspect < <(find /etc/audit/rules.d -maxdepth 1 -type f -name '*.rules' -print)
	output_audit_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules"
fi

# Obtain the list of SUID/SGID binaries on the particular system (split by newline)
# into privileged_binaries array
privileged_binaries=()
readarray -t privileged_binaries < <(find / -not \( -fstype afs -o -fstype ceph -o -fstype cifs -o -fstype smb3 -o -fstype smbfs -o -fstype sshfs -o -fstype ncpfs -o -fstype ncp -o -fstype nfs -o -fstype nfs4 -o -fstype gfs -o -fstype gfs2 -o -fstype glusterfs -o -fstype gpfs -o -fstype pvfs2 -o -fstype ocfs2 -o -fstype lustre -o -fstype davfs -o -fstype fuse.sshfs \) -type f \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) 2> /dev/null)

# Keep list of SUID/SGID binaries that have been already handled within some previous iteration
declare -a sbinaries_to_skip=()

# For each found sbinary in privileged_binaries list
for sbinary in "${privileged_binaries[@]}"
do

	# Check if this sbinary wasn't already handled in some of the previous sbinary iterations
	# Return match only if whole sbinary definition matched (not in the case just prefix matched!!!)
	if [[ $(sed -ne "\|${sbinary}|p" <<< "${sbinaries_to_skip[*]}") ]]
	then
		# If so, don't process it second time & go to process next sbinary
		continue
	fi

	# Reset the counter of inspected files when starting to check
	# presence of existing audit rule for new sbinary
	local count_of_inspected_files=0

	# Define expected rule form for this binary
	expected_rule="-a always,exit -F path=${sbinary} -F auid>=${min_auid} -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"

	# If list of audit rules files to be inspected is empty, just add new rule and move on to next binary
	if [[ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
		echo "$expected_rule" >> "$output_audit_file"
		continue
	fi

	# Replace possible slash '/' character in sbinary definition so we could use it in sed expressions below
	sbinary_esc=${sbinary//$'/'/$'\/'}

	# For each audit rules file from the list of files to be inspected
	for afile in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
	do

		# Search current audit rules file's content for match. Match criteria:
		# * existing rule is for the same SUID/SGID binary we are currently processing (but
		#   can contain multiple -F path= elements covering multiple SUID/SGID binaries)
		# * existing rule contains all arguments from expected rule form (though can contain
		#   them in arbitrary order)
	
		base_search=$(sed -e '/-a always,exit/!d' -e '/-F path='"${sbinary_esc}"'[^[:graph:]]/!d'		\
				-e '/-F path=[^[:space:]]\+/!d'						\
				-e '/-F auid>='"${min_auid}"'/!d' -e '/-F auid!=\(4294967295\|unset\)/!d'	\
				-e '/-k \|-F key=/!d' "$afile")

		# Increase the count of inspected files for this sbinary
		count_of_inspected_files=$((count_of_inspected_files + 1))


		# Search current audit rules file's content for presence of rule pattern for this sbinary
		if [[ $base_search ]]
		then

			# Current audit rules file already contains rule for this binary =>
			# Store the exact form of found rule for this binary for further processing
			concrete_rule=$base_search

			# Select all other SUID/SGID binaries possibly also present in the found rule

			readarray -t handled_sbinaries < <(grep -o -e "-F path=[^[:space:]]\+" <<< "$concrete_rule")
			handled_sbinaries=("${handled_sbinaries[@]//-F path=/}")

			# Merge the list of such SUID/SGID binaries found in this iteration with global list ignoring duplicates
			readarray -t sbinaries_to_skip < <(for i in "${sbinaries_to_skip[@]}" "${handled_sbinaries[@]}"; do echo "$i"; done | sort -du)

			# if there is a -F perm flag, remove it
			if grep -q '.*-F\s\+perm=[rwxa]\+.*' <<< "$concrete_rule"; then

				# Separate concrete_rule into three sections using hash '#'
				# sign as a delimiter around rule's permission section borders
				# note that the trailing space after perm flag is captured because there would be 
				# two consecutive spaces after joining remaining parts of the rule together
				concrete_rule="$(echo "$concrete_rule" | sed -n "s/\(.*\)\+\(-F perm=[rwax]\+\ \?\)\+/\1#\2#/p")"

				# Split concrete_rule into head, perm, and tail sections using hash '#' delimiter
				rule_head=$(cut -d '#' -f 1 <<< "$concrete_rule")
				rule_perm=$(cut -d '#' -f 2 <<< "$concrete_rule")
				rule_tail=$(cut -d '#' -f 3 <<< "$concrete_rule")

				# Remove permissions section from existing rule in the file
				sed -i "s#${rule_head}\(.*\)${rule_tail}#${rule_head}${rule_tail}#" "$afile"
			fi
		# If the required audit rule for particular sbinary wasn't found yet, insert it under following conditions:
		#
		# * in the "auditctl" mode of operation insert particular rule each time
		#   (because in this mode there's only one file -- /etc/audit/audit.rules to be inspected for presence of this rule),
		#
		# * in the "augenrules" mode of operation insert particular rule only once and only in case we have already
		#   searched all of the files from /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules location (since that audit rule can be defined
		#   in any of those files and if not, we want it to be inserted only once into /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules file)
		#
		elif [ "$tool" == "auditctl" ] || [[ "$tool" == "augenrules" && $count_of_inspected_files -eq "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" ]]
		then

			# Check if this sbinary wasn't already handled in some of the previous afile iterations
			# Return match only if whole sbinary definition matched (not in the case just prefix matched!!!)
			if [[ ! $(sed -ne "\|${sbinary}|p" <<< "${sbinaries_to_skip[*]}") ]]
			then
				# Current audit rules file's content doesn't contain expected rule for this
				# SUID/SGID binary yet => append it
				echo "$expected_rule" >> "$output_audit_file"
			fi

			continue
		fi

	done

done
}
perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation "auditctl" "1000"
perform_audit_rules_privileged_commands_remediation "augenrules" "1000"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search for privileged commands
  shell: find / -not \( -fstype afs -o -fstype ceph -o -fstype cifs -o -fstype smb3
    -o -fstype smbfs -o -fstype sshfs -o -fstype ncpfs -o -fstype ncp -o -fstype nfs
    -o -fstype nfs4 -o -fstype gfs -o -fstype gfs2 -o -fstype glusterfs -o -fstype
    gpfs -o -fstype pvfs2 -o -fstype ocfs2 -o -fstype lustre -o -fstype davfs -o -fstype
    fuse.sshfs \) -type f \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) 2> /dev/null
  args:
    warn: false
    executable: /bin/bash
  check_mode: false
  register: find_result
  changed_when: false
  failed_when: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030360
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path={{ item }} .*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  with_items:
    - '{{ find_result.stdout_lines }}'
  register: files_result
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030360
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Overwrites the rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ item.1.path }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path={{ item.0.item }} -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: false
    regexp: ^.*path={{ item.0.item }} .*$
  with_subelements:
    - '{{ files_result.results }}'
    - files
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030360
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Adds the rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path={{ item.item }} -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  with_items:
    - '{{ files_result.results }}'
  when:
    - files_result.results is defined and item.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030360
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path={{ item.item }} -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
    regexp: ^.*path={{ item.item }} .*$
  with_items:
    - '{{ files_result.results }}'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030360
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - sudo   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/sudo.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_sudo
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030690
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudo
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_sudo.matched is defined and find_sudo.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030690
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudo
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_sudo.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_sudo.matched is defined and find_sudo.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030690
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudo
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the sudo rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030690
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudo
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the sudo rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/sudo -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030690
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_sudo
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - mount   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/bin/mount.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_mount
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_mount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_mount.matched is defined and find_mount.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_mount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_mount.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_mount.matched is defined and find_mount.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_mount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_mount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_mount
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - postdrop   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/postdrop.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_postdrop
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030760
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postdrop
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_postdrop.matched is defined and find_postdrop.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030760
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postdrop
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_postdrop.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_postdrop.matched is defined and find_postdrop.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030760
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postdrop
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the postdrop rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030760
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postdrop
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the postdrop rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/postdrop -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030760
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_postdrop
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - userhelper   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/userhelper.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_userhelper
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030670
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_userhelper
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_userhelper.matched is defined and find_userhelper.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030670
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_userhelper
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_userhelper.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_userhelper.matched is defined and find_userhelper.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030670
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_userhelper
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the userhelper rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030670
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_userhelper
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the userhelper rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/userhelper -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030670
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_userhelper
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects Information on the Use of Privileged Commands - usernetctl   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect the execution of privileged commands for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add a line of the following form to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add a line of the following form to /etc/audit/audit.rules:
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged

Rationale:

Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider and advanced persistent threats.

Privileged programs are subject to escalation-of-privilege attacks, which attempt to subvert their normal role of providing some necessary but limited capability. As such, motivation exists to monitor these programs for unusual activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



PATTERN="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl\\s\\+.*"
GROUP="privileged"
# Although the fix doesn't use ARCH, we reset it because it could have been set by some other remediation
ARCH=""
FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=privileged"
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_usernetctl
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_usernetctl
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_usernetctl.matched is defined and find_usernetctl.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_usernetctl
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_usernetctl.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_usernetctl.matched is defined and find_usernetctl.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_usernetctl
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the usernetctl rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_usernetctl
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the usernetctl rule in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usernetctl -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=privileged
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(4)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - audit_rules_privileged_commands_usernetctl
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record Information on Kernel Modules Loading and Unloading   [ref]group

To capture kernel module loading and unloading events, use following lines, setting ARCH to either b32 for 32-bit system, or having two lines for both b32 and b64 in case your system is 64-bit:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S init_module,delete_module -F key=modules
Place to add the lines depends on a way auditd daemon is configured. If it is configured to use the augenrules program (the default), add the lines to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility, add the lines to file /etc/audit/audit.rules.

contains 1 rule

Ensure auditd Collects Information on Kernel Module Loading and Unloading   [ref]rule

To capture kernel module loading and unloading events, use following lines, setting ARCH to either b32 for 32-bit system, or having two lines for both b32 and b64 in case your system is 64-bit:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S init_module,finit_module,delete_module -F key=modules
The place to add the lines depends on a way auditd daemon is configured. If it is configured to use the augenrules program (the default), add the lines to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility, add the lines to file /etc/audit/audit.rules.

Rationale:

The addition/removal of kernel modules can be used to alter the behavior of the kernel and potentially introduce malicious code into kernel space. It is important to have an audit trail of modules that have been introduced into the kernel.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
# Note: 32-bit and 64-bit kernel syscall numbers not always line up =>
#       it's required on a 64-bit system to check also for the presence
#       of 32-bit's equivalent of the corresponding rule.
#       (See `man 7 audit.rules` for details )
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
        GROUP="modules"
        PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S init_module -S delete_module -S finit_module \(-F key=\|-k \).*"
        FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S init_module -S delete_module -S finit_module -k modules"
        # Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
        fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
        fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_kernel_module_loading
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for kernel module loading for x86 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - init_module
          - delete_module
          - finit_module

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key modules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)modules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/modules.rules as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/modules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k modules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - init_module
          - delete_module
          - finit_module

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k modules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_kernel_module_loading
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for kernel module loading for x86_64 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - init_module
          - delete_module
          - finit_module

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key modules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)modules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/modules.rules as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/modules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k modules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - init_module
          - delete_module
          - finit_module

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k modules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when:
    - audit_arch == "b64"
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_kernel_module_loading
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls   [ref]group

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. Note that the "-F arch=b32" lines should be present even on a 64 bit system. These commands identify system calls for auditing. Even if the system is 64 bit it can still execute 32 bit system calls. Additionally, these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. An example of this is that the "-S" calls could be split up and placed on separate lines, however, this is less efficient. Add the following to /etc/audit/audit.rules:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown,fchown,fchownat,lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If your system is 64 bit then these lines should be duplicated and the arch=b32 replaced with arch=b64 as follows:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,fchownat,lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

contains 13 rules

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lchown   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lchown.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit lchown tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_lchown
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_lchown.matched is defined and find_lchown.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_lchown.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_lchown.matched is defined and find_lchown.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lchown rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lchown rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lchown rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lchown rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030390
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fremovexattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root.

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fremovexattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fremovexattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fremovexattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fremovexattr.matched is defined and find_fremovexattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fremovexattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fremovexattr.matched is defined and find_fremovexattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fremovexattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fremovexattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fremovexattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fremovexattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030480
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - chown   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit chown tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_chown
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_chown.matched is defined and find_chown.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_chown.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_chown.matched is defined and find_chown.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chown rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chown rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chown rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chown rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030370
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchmodat   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchmodat.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fchmodat tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fchmodat
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fchmodat.matched is defined and find_fchmodat.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fchmodat.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fchmodat.matched is defined and find_fchmodat.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmodat rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmodat rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmodat rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmodat rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmodat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030430
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmodat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lremovexattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root.

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lremovexattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit lremovexattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_lremovexattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_lremovexattr.matched is defined and find_lremovexattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_lremovexattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_lremovexattr.matched is defined and find_lremovexattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lremovexattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lremovexattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lremovexattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lremovexattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lremovexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset
      -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030490
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lremovexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - chmod   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chmod.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit chmod tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_chmod
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_chmod.matched is defined and find_chmod.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_chmod.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_chmod.matched is defined and find_chmod.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chmod rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chmod rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chmod rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the chmod rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030410
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_chmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - lsetxattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lsetxattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit lsetxattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_lsetxattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_lsetxattr.matched is defined and find_lsetxattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_lsetxattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_lsetxattr.matched is defined and find_lsetxattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lsetxattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lsetxattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lsetxattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the lsetxattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S lsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030460
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_lsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - removexattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root.

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod


If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S removexattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit removexattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_removexattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_removexattr.matched is defined and find_removexattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_removexattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_removexattr.matched is defined and find_removexattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the removexattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the removexattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the removexattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the removexattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S removexattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030470
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_removexattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - setxattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S setxattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit setxattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_setxattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_setxattr.matched is defined and find_setxattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_setxattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_setxattr.matched is defined and find_setxattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the setxattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the setxattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the setxattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the setxattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030440
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_setxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchownat   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchownat.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fchownat tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fchownat
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fchownat.matched is defined and find_fchownat.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fchownat.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fchownat.matched is defined and find_fchownat.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchownat rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchownat rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchownat rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchownat rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchownat -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030400
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchownat
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchmod   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchmod.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fchmod tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fchmod
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fchmod.matched is defined and find_fchmod.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fchmod.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fchmod.matched is defined and find_fchmod.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmod rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmod rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmod rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchmod rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchmod -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030420
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchmod
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fsetxattr   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fsetxattr.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fsetxattr tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fsetxattr
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fsetxattr.matched is defined and find_fsetxattr.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fsetxattr.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fsetxattr.matched is defined and find_fsetxattr.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fsetxattr rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fsetxattr rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fsetxattr rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fsetxattr rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fsetxattr -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F
      key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030450
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fsetxattr
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Discretionary Access Controls - fchown   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect file permission changes for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod

Warning:  Note that these rules can be configured in a number of ways while still achieving the desired effect. Here the system calls have been placed independent of other system calls. Grouping these system calls with others as identifying earlier in this guide is more efficient.
Rationale:

The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchown.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit fchown tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_fchown
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_fchown.matched is defined and find_fchown.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_fchown.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_fchown.matched is defined and find_fchown.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchown rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchown rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchown rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the fchown rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S fchown -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030380
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_dac_modification_fchown
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Records Events that Modify Date and Time Information   [ref]group

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time. All changes to the system time should be audited.

contains 5 rules

Record Attempts to Alter Time Through clock_settime   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -F key=time-change
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport. Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules

Rationale:

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes to the system time should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S clock_settime -F a0=.* \(-F key=\|-k \).*"
	GROUP="clock_settime"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change"
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_clock_settime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for clock_settime for x86 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - clock_settime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(?:-F[\s]+a0=0x0[\s]+)(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key time-change
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)time-change$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/time-change.rules as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/time-change.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -F a0=0x0 -k time-change' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - clock_settime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(?:-F[\s]+a0=0x0[\s]+)(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -F a0=0x0 -k time-change' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_clock_settime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for clock_settime for x86_64 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - clock_settime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(?:-F[\s]+a0=0x0[\s]+)(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key time-change
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)time-change$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/time-change.rules as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/time-change.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -F a0=0x0 -k time-change' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - clock_settime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(?:-F[\s]+a0=0x0[\s]+)(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -F a0=0x0 -k time-change' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when:
    - audit_arch == "b64"
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_clock_settime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record Attempts to Alter Time Through stime   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d for both 32 bit and 64 bit systems:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S stime -F key=audit_time_rules
Since the 64 bit version of the "stime" system call is not defined in the audit lookup table, the corresponding "-F arch=b64" form of this rule is not expected to be defined on 64 bit systems (the aforementioned "-F arch=b32" stime rule form itself is sufficient for both 32 bit and 64 bit systems). If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file for both 32 bit and 64 bit systems:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S stime -F key=audit_time_rules
Since the 64 bit version of the "stime" system call is not defined in the audit lookup table, the corresponding "-F arch=b64" form of this rule is not expected to be defined on 64 bit systems (the aforementioned "-F arch=b32" stime rule form itself is sufficient for both 32 bit and 64 bit systems). The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport. Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined system calls:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules

Rationale:

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes to the system time should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}


# Function to perform remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on RHEL, Fedora or OL systems.
# Remediation performed for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'.
#
# Note: 'stime' system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
# therefore excluded from the list of time group system calls to be audited on this arch
#
# Example Call:
#
#      perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
#
function perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do

	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
	# Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call & architecture
	if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
	then
		# stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
		# so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
	elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
	then
		# stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
		# therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
	fi
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}
perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for stime syscall for x86 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - stime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_time_rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the
        rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - stime

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_stime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record attempts to alter time through settimeofday   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport. Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules

Rationale:

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes to the system time should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}


# Function to perform remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on RHEL, Fedora or OL systems.
# Remediation performed for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'.
#
# Note: 'stime' system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
# therefore excluded from the list of time group system calls to be audited on this arch
#
# Example Call:
#
#      perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
#
function perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do

	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
	# Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call & architecture
	if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
	then
		# stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
		# so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
	elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
	then
		# stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
		# therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
	fi
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}
perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_settimeofday
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for settimeofday for x86 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - settimeofday

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_time_rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the
        rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - settimeofday

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_settimeofday
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for settimeofday for x86_64 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - settimeofday

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_time_rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the
        rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - settimeofday

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when:
    - audit_arch == "b64"
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_settimeofday
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record attempts to alter time through adjtimex   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex -F key=audit_time_rules
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -F key=audit_time_rules
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex -F key=audit_time_rules
If the system is 64 bit then also add the following line:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex -F key=audit_time_rules
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport. Multiple system calls can be defined on the same line to save space if desired, but is not required. See an example of multiple combined syscalls:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -F key=audit_time_rules

Rationale:

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes to the system time should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}


# Function to perform remediation for the 'adjtimex', 'settimeofday', and 'stime' audit
# system calls on RHEL, Fedora or OL systems.
# Remediation performed for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'.
#
# Note: 'stime' system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
# therefore excluded from the list of time group system calls to be audited on this arch
#
# Example Call:
#
#      perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation
#
function perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation {

# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do

	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S .* -k *"
	# Create expected audit group and audit rule form for particular system call & architecture
	if [ ${ARCH} = "b32" ]
	then
		# stime system call is known at 32-bit arch (see e.g "$ ausyscall i386 stime" 's output)
		# so append it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\|stime\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -S stime -k audit_time_rules"
	elif [ ${ARCH} = "b64" ]
	then
		# stime system call isn't known at 64-bit arch (see "$ ausyscall x86_64 stime" 's output)
		# therefore don't add it to the list of time group system calls to be audited
		GROUP="\(adjtimex\|settimeofday\)"
		FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=${ARCH} -S adjtimex -S settimeofday -k audit_time_rules"
	fi
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

}
perform_audit_adjtimex_settimeofday_stime_remediation

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_adjtimex
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for adjtimex for x86 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - adjtimex

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_time_rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the
        rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - adjtimex

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_adjtimex
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Perform remediation of Audit rules for adjtimex for x86_64 platform
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - adjtimex

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_time_rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the
        rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - adjtimex

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_time_rules' }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when:
    - audit_arch == "b64"
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_adjtimex
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record Attempts to Alter the localtime File   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k audit_time_rules
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k audit_time_rules
The -k option allows for the specification of a key in string form that can be used for better reporting capability through ausearch and aureport and should always be used.

Rationale:

Arbitrary changes to the system time can be used to obfuscate nefarious activities in log files, as well as to confuse network services that are highly dependent upon an accurate system time (such as sshd). All changes to the system time should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/localtime already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/localtime\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key audit_time_rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_time_rules$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_time_rules.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/localtime in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/localtime -p wa -k audit_time_rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/localtime already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/localtime\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/localtime in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/localtime -p wa -k audit_time_rules
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.4.2.b
    - audit_rules_time_watch_localtime
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Ensure auditd Collects System Administrator Actions   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect administrator actions for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions
-w /etc/sudoers.d/ -p wa -k actions
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions
-w /etc/sudoers.d/ -p wa -k actions

Rationale:

The actions taken by system administrators should be audited to keep a record of what was executed on the system, as well as, for accountability purposes.

Severity:  medium

References:  1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5.4.1.1, APO10.01, APO10.03, APO10.04, APO10.05, APO11.04, APO12.06, APO13.01, BAI03.05, BAI08.02, DSS01.03, DSS01.04, DSS02.02, DSS02.04, DSS02.07, DSS03.01, DSS03.05, DSS05.02, DSS05.03, DSS05.04, DSS05.05, DSS05.07, DSS06.03, MEA01.01, MEA01.02, MEA01.03, MEA01.04, MEA01.05, MEA02.01, 3.1.7, CCI-000126, CCI-000130, CCI-000135, CCI-000172, CCI-002884, 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(D), 164.308(a)(3)(ii)(A), 164.308(a)(5)(ii)(C), 164.312(a)(2)(i), 164.312(b), 164.312(d), 164.312(e), 4.2.3.10, 4.3.2.6.7, 4.3.3.2.2, 4.3.3.3.9, 4.3.3.5.1, 4.3.3.5.2, 4.3.3.5.8, 4.3.3.6.6, 4.3.3.7.2, 4.3.3.7.3, 4.3.3.7.4, 4.3.4.4.7, 4.3.4.5.6, 4.3.4.5.7, 4.3.4.5.8, 4.4.2.1, 4.4.2.2, 4.4.2.4, SR 1.1, SR 1.13, SR 1.2, SR 1.3, SR 1.4, SR 1.5, SR 1.7, SR 1.8, SR 1.9, SR 2.1, SR 2.10, SR 2.11, SR 2.12, SR 2.6, SR 2.8, SR 2.9, SR 3.1, SR 3.5, SR 3.8, SR 4.1, SR 4.3, SR 5.1, SR 5.2, SR 5.3, SR 6.1, SR 6.2, SR 7.1, SR 7.6, A.11.2.6, A.12.4.1, A.12.4.2, A.12.4.3, A.12.4.4, A.12.7.1, A.13.1.1, A.13.2.1, A.14.1.3, A.14.2.7, A.15.2.1, A.15.2.2, A.16.1.4, A.16.1.5, A.16.1.7, A.6.1.2, A.6.2.1, A.6.2.2, A.7.1.1, A.9.1.2, A.9.2.1, A.9.2.2, A.9.2.3, A.9.2.4, A.9.2.6, A.9.3.1, A.9.4.1, A.9.4.2, A.9.4.3, A.9.4.4, A.9.4.5, AC-2(7)(b), AU-2(d), AU-12(c), AC-6(9), CM-6(a), DE.AE-3, DE.AE-5, DE.CM-1, DE.CM-3, DE.CM-7, ID.SC-4, PR.AC-1, PR.AC-3, PR.AC-4, PR.AC-6, PR.PT-1, PR.PT-4, RS.AN-1, RS.AN-4, FAU_GEN.1.1.c, Req-10.2.2, Req-10.2.5.b, SRG-OS-000037-GPOS-00015, SRG-OS-000042-GPOS-00020, SRG-OS-000392-GPOS-00172, SRG-OS-000462-GPOS-00206, SRG-OS-000471-GPOS-00215, OL07-00-030700, SV-221810r603260_rule, SRG-OS-000462-VMM-001840, SRG-OS-000471-VMM-001910

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/sudoers" "wa" "actions"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/sudoers" "wa" "actions"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/sudoers.d/" "wa" "actions"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/sudoers.d/" "wa" "actions"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for audit rule entries for sysadmin actions
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: ^.*/etc/sudoers.*$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_audit_sysadmin_actions
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/actions.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_sysadmin_actions_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/actions.rules
  when:
    - find_audit_sysadmin_actions.matched is defined and find_audit_sysadmin_actions.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_sysadmin_actions_files:
      - '{{ find_audit_sysadmin_actions.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
        }}'
  when:
    - find_audit_sysadmin_actions.matched is defined and find_audit_sysadmin_actions.matched
      > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces audit rule for /etc/sudoers rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_sysadmin_actions_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces audit rule for /etc/sudoers.d rule in rules.d
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_sysadmin_actions_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/sudoers.d/ -p wa -k actions
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces audit rule for /etc/sudoers in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k actions
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces audit rule for /etc/sudoers.d in audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    line: -w /etc/sudoers.d/ -p wa -k actions
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030700
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-2(7)(b)
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.2
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.5.b
    - audit_rules_sysadmin_actions
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Network Environment   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following lines to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following lines to /etc/audit/audit.rules file, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S sethostname,setdomainname -F key=audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
-w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification

Rationale:

The network environment should not be modified by anything other than administrator action. Any change to network parameters should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S .* -k *"
	# Use escaped BRE regex to specify rule group
	GROUP="set\(host\|domain\)name"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S sethostname -S setdomainname -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

# Then perform the remediations for the watch rules
# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/issue" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/issue" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/issue.net" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/issue.net" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/hosts" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/hosts" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/sysconfig/network" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/sysconfig/network" "wa" "audit_rules_networkconfig_modification"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Remediate audit rules for network configuration for x86
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - sethostname
          - setdomainname

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as
        the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification'
            }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - sethostname
          - setdomainname

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b32[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b32 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b32"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b32_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification'
            }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b32_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Remediate audit rules for network configuration for x86_64
  block:

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - sethostname
          - setdomainname

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/rules.d/
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with the key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
        contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
        patterns: '*.rules'
      register: find_syscalls_files

    - name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as
        the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        == 0

    - name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
      set_fact:
        all_files:
          - '{{ find_syscalls_files.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first
            }}'
      when: find_syscalls_files.matched is defined and find_syscalls_files.matched
        > 0

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in {{ all_files[0] }}
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_rules_d.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification'
            }}"

        - name: Insert the line in {{ all_files[0] }}
          lineinfile:
            path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_rules_d < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls

    - name: Declare list of syscals
      set_fact:
        syscalls:
          - sethostname
          - setdomainname

    - name: Declare number of syscalls
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls="{{ syscalls|length|int }}"

    - name: Check existence of syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      find:
        paths: /etc/audit
        contains: ^[\s]*-a[\s]+always,exit[\s]+(?:.*-F[\s]+arch=b64[\s]+)(?:.*(-S[\s]+{{
          item }}[\s]+|([\s]+|[,]){{ item }}([\s]+|[,]))).*(-k[\s]+|-F[\s]+key=)[\S]+[\s]*$
        patterns: audit.rules
      register: audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules
      loop: '{{ syscalls }}'

    - name: Get number of matched syscalls for architecture b64 in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      set_fact: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules="{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results|sum(attribute='matched')|int
        }}"

    - name: Insert the syscall rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules
      block:

        - name: 'Construct rule: add rule list, action and arch'
          set_fact: tmpline="-a always,exit -F arch=b64"

        - name: 'Construct rule: add syscalls'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -S ' + item.item }}"
          loop: '{{ audit_syscalls_found_b64_audit_rules.results }}'
          when: item.matched is defined and item.matched == 0

        - name: 'Construct rule: add fields and key'
          set_fact: tmpline="{{ tmpline + ' -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification'
            }}"

        - name: Insert the line in /etc/audit/audit.rules
          lineinfile:
            path: /etc/audit/audit.rules
            line: '{{ tmpline }}'
            create: true
            state: present
      when: audit_syscalls_matched_b64_audit_rules < audit_syscalls_number_of_syscalls
  when:
    - audit_arch == "b64"
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/issue already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/issue\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as the
    recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/issue in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/issue -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/issue already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/issue\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/issue in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/issue -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/issue.net already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/issue.net\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as the
    recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/issue.net in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/issue.net already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/issue.net\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/issue.net in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/hosts already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/hosts\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as the
    recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/hosts in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/hosts -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/hosts already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/hosts\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/hosts in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/hosts -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/sysconfig/network already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/sysconfig/network\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)audit_rules_networkconfig_modification$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules as the
    recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/audit_rules_networkconfig_modification.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/sysconfig/network in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/sysconfig/network already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/sysconfig/network\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/sysconfig/network in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/sysconfig/network -p wa -k audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_networkconfig_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify the System's Mandatory Access Controls   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d:

-w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file:
-w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy

Rationale:

The system's mandatory access policy (SELinux) should not be arbitrarily changed by anything other than administrator action. All changes to MAC policy should be audited.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/selinux/" "wa" "MAC-policy"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/selinux/" "wa" "MAC-policy"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/selinux/ already exists in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/selinux/\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_existing_watch_rules_d
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other rules with specified key MAC-policy
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    contains: ^.*(?:-F key=|-k\s+)MAC-policy$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_watch_key
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use /etc/audit/rules.d/MAC-policy.rules as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/MAC-policy.rules
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched == 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_watch_key.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_watch_key.matched is defined and find_watch_key.matched > 0 and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/selinux/ in /etc/audit/rules.d/
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_rules_d.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Check if watch rule for /etc/selinux/ already exists in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/
    contains: ^\s*-w\s+/etc/selinux/\s+-p\s+wa(\s|$)+
    patterns: audit.rules
  register: find_existing_watch_audit_rules
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Add watch rule for /etc/selinux/ in /etc/audit/audit.rules
  lineinfile:
    line: -w /etc/selinux/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched is defined and find_existing_watch_audit_rules.matched
      == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.8
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.5.5
    - audit_rules_mac_modification
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Record Events that Modify User/Group Information   [ref]rule

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following lines to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d, in order to capture events that modify account changes:

-w /etc/group -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification

If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following lines to /etc/audit/audit.rules file, in order to capture events that modify account changes:
-w /etc/group -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k audit_rules_usergroup_modification

Warning:  This rule checks for multiple syscalls related to account changes; it was written with DISA STIG in mind. Other policies should use a separate rule for each syscall that needs to be checked. For example:
  • audit_rules_usergroup_modification_group
  • audit_rules_usergroup_modification_gshadow
  • audit_rules_usergroup_modification_passwd
Rationale:

In addition to auditing new user and group accounts, these watches will alert the system administrator(s) to any modifications. Any unexpected users, groups, or modifications should be investigated for legitimacy.

Severity:  medium

References:  5.2.5, 1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5.4.1.1, APO10.01, APO10.03, APO10.04, APO10.05, APO11.04, APO12.06, APO13.01, BAI03.05, BAI08.02, DSS01.03, DSS01.04, DSS02.02, DSS02.04, DSS02.07, DSS03.01, DSS03.05, DSS05.02, DSS05.03, DSS05.04, DSS05.05, DSS05.07, DSS06.03, MEA01.01, MEA01.02, MEA01.03, MEA01.04, MEA01.05, MEA02.01, 3.1.7, CCI-000018, CCI-000130, CCI-000172, CCI-001403, CCI-002130, 4.2.3.10, 4.3.2.6.7, 4.3.3.2.2, 4.3.3.3.9, 4.3.3.5.1, 4.3.3.5.2, 4.3.3.5.8, 4.3.3.6.6, 4.3.3.7.2, 4.3.3.7.3, 4.3.3.7.4, 4.3.4.4.7, 4.3.4.5.6, 4.3.4.5.7, 4.3.4.5.8, 4.4.2.1, 4.4.2.2, 4.4.2.4, SR 1.1, SR 1.13, SR 1.2, SR 1.3, SR 1.4, SR 1.5, SR 1.7, SR 1.8, SR 1.9, SR 2.1, SR 2.10, SR 2.11, SR 2.12, SR 2.6, SR 2.8, SR 2.9, SR 3.1, SR 3.5, SR 3.8, SR 4.1, SR 4.3, SR 5.1, SR 5.2, SR 5.3, SR 6.1, SR 6.2, SR 7.1, SR 7.6, A.11.2.6, A.12.4.1, A.12.4.2, A.12.4.3, A.12.4.4, A.12.7.1, A.13.1.1, A.13.2.1, A.14.1.3, A.14.2.7, A.15.2.1, A.15.2.2, A.16.1.4, A.16.1.5, A.16.1.7, A.6.1.2, A.6.2.1, A.6.2.2, A.7.1.1, A.9.1.2, A.9.2.1, A.9.2.2, A.9.2.3, A.9.2.4, A.9.2.6, A.9.3.1, A.9.4.1, A.9.4.2, A.9.4.3, A.9.4.4, A.9.4.5, AC-2(4), AU-2(d), AU-12(c), AC-6(9), CM-6(a), DE.AE-3, DE.AE-5, DE.CM-1, DE.CM-3, DE.CM-7, ID.SC-4, PR.AC-1, PR.AC-3, PR.AC-4, PR.AC-6, PR.PT-1, PR.PT-4, RS.AN-1, RS.AN-4, Req-10.2.5, SRG-OS-000004-GPOS-00004, SRG-OS-000037-GPOS-00015, SRG-OS-000042-GPOS-00020, SRG-OS-000239-GPOS-00089, SRG-OS-000241-GPOS-00090, SRG-OS-000241-GPOS-00091, SRG-OS-000303-GPOS-00120, SRG-OS-000392-GPOS-00172, SRG-OS-000462-GPOS-00206, SRG-OS-000471-GPOS-00215, SRG-OS-000476-GPOS-00221, OL07-00-030710, SV-221811r603260_rule

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/group" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/group" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/passwd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/passwd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/gshadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/gshadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/shadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/shadow" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
# Function to fix audit file system object watch rule for given path:
# * if rule exists, also verifies the -w bits match the requirements
# * if rule doesn't exist yet, appends expected rule form to $files_to_inspect
#   audit rules file, depending on the tool which was used to load audit rules
#
# Expects four arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules'
# * path                        	value of -w audit rule's argument
# * required access bits        	value of -p audit rule's argument
# * key                         	value of -k audit rule's argument
#
# Example call:
#
#       fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/localtime" "wa" "audit_time_rules"
#
function fix_audit_watch_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local path="$2"
local required_access_bits="$3"
local key="$4"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "4" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_watch_rule 'tool' 'path' 'bits' 'key'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tool used to load audit rules	| Rule already defined	|  Audit rules file to inspect	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#	auditctl		|     Doesn't matter	|  /etc/audit/audit.rules	  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 	augenrules		|          Yes		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules	  |
# 	augenrules		|          No		|  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
declare -a files_to_inspect
files_to_inspect=()

# Check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	exit 1
# If the audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# into the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules')
# If the audit is 'augenrules', then check if rule is already defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to list of files for inspection.
# If rule isn't defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to list of files for inspection.
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	readarray -t matches < <(grep -P "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)

	# For each of the matched entries
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		# Extract filepath from the match
		rulesd_audit_file=$(echo $match | cut -f1 -d ':')
		# Append that path into list of files for inspection
		files_to_inspect+=("$rulesd_audit_file")
	done
	# Case when particular audit rule isn't defined yet
	if [ "${#files_to_inspect[@]}" -eq "0" ]
	then
		# Append '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' into list of files for inspection
		local key_rule_file="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		# If the $key.rules file doesn't exist yet, create it with correct permissions
		if [ ! -e "$key_rule_file" ]
		then
			touch "$key_rule_file"
			chmod 0640 "$key_rule_file"
		fi

		files_to_inspect+=("$key_rule_file")
	fi
fi

# Finally perform the inspection and possible subsequent audit rule
# correction for each of the files previously identified for inspection
for audit_rules_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do

	# Check if audit watch file system object rule for given path already present
	if grep -q -P -- "[\s]*-w[\s]+$path" "$audit_rules_file"
	then
		# Rule is found => verify yet if existing rule definition contains
		# all of the required access type bits

		# Escape slashes in path for use in sed pattern below
		local esc_path=${path//$'/'/$'\/'}
		# Define BRE whitespace class shortcut
		local sp="[[:space:]]"
		# Extract current permission access types (e.g. -p [r|w|x|a] values) from audit rule
		current_access_bits=$(sed -ne "s/$sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\).*/\1/p" "$audit_rules_file")
		# Split required access bits string into characters array
		# (to check bit's presence for one bit at a time)
		for access_bit in $(echo "$required_access_bits" | grep -o .)
		do
			# For each from the required access bits (e.g. 'w', 'a') check
			# if they are already present in current access bits for rule.
			# If not, append that bit at the end
			if ! grep -q "$access_bit" <<< "$current_access_bits"
			then
				# Concatenate the existing mask with the missing bit
				current_access_bits="$current_access_bits$access_bit"
			fi
		done
		# Propagate the updated rule's access bits (original + the required
		# ones) back into the /etc/audit/audit.rules file for that rule
		sed -i "s/\($sp*-w$sp\+$esc_path$sp\+-p$sp\+\)\([rxwa]\{1,4\}\)\(.*\)/\1$current_access_bits\3/" "$audit_rules_file"
	else
		# Rule isn't present yet. Append it at the end of $audit_rules_file file
		# with proper key

		echo "-w $path -p $required_access_bits -k $key" >> "$audit_rules_file"
	fi
done
}
fix_audit_watch_rule "auditctl" "/etc/security/opasswd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"
fix_audit_watch_rule "augenrules" "/etc/security/opasswd" "wa" "audit_rules_usergroup_modification"

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi

Ensure auditd Collects Information on Exporting to Media (successful)   [ref]rule

At a minimum, the audit system should collect media exportation events for all users and root. If the auditd daemon is configured to use the augenrules program to read audit rules during daemon startup (the default), add the following line to a file with suffix .rules in the directory /etc/audit/rules.d, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:

-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=export
If the auditd daemon is configured to use the auditctl utility to read audit rules during daemon startup, add the following line to /etc/audit/audit.rules file, setting ARCH to either b32 or b64 as appropriate for your system:
-a always,exit -F arch=ARCH -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=export

Rationale:

The unauthorized exportation of data to external media could result in an information leak where classified information, Privacy Act information, and intellectual property could be lost. An audit trail should be created each time a filesystem is mounted to help identify and guard against information loss.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then



# First perform the remediation of the syscall rule
# Retrieve hardware architecture of the underlying system
[ "$(getconf LONG_BIT)" = "32" ] && RULE_ARCHS=("b32") || RULE_ARCHS=("b32" "b64")

for ARCH in "${RULE_ARCHS[@]}"
do
	PATTERN="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S mount.*"
	GROUP="perm_mod"
	FULL_RULE="-a always,exit -F arch=$ARCH -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod"

	# Perform the remediation for both possible tools: 'auditctl' and 'augenrules'
# Function to fix syscall audit rule for given system call. It is
# based on example audit syscall rule definitions as outlined in
# /usr/share/doc/audit-2.3.7/stig.rules file provided with the audit
# package. It will combine multiple system calls belonging to the same
# syscall group into one audit rule (rather than to create audit rule per
# different system call) to avoid audit infrastructure performance penalty
# in the case of 'one-audit-rule-definition-per-one-system-call'. See:
#
#   https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-audit/2014-November/msg00009.html
#
# for further details.
#
# Expects five arguments (each of them is required) in the form of:
# * audit tool				tool used to load audit rules,
# 					either 'auditctl', or 'augenrules
# * audit rules' pattern		audit rule skeleton for same syscall
# * syscall group			greatest common string this rule shares
# 					with other rules from the same group
# * architecture			architecture this rule is intended for
# * full form of new rule to add	expected full form of audit rule as to be
# 					added into audit.rules file
#
# Note: The 2-th up to 4-th arguments are used to determine how many existing
# audit rules will be inspected for resemblance with the new audit rule
# (5-th argument) the function is going to add. The rule's similarity check
# is performed to optimize audit.rules definition (merge syscalls of the same
# group into one rule) to avoid the "single-syscall-per-audit-rule" performance
# penalty.
#
# Example call:
#
#	See e.g. 'audit_rules_file_deletion_events.sh' remediation script
#
function fix_audit_syscall_rule {

# Load function arguments into local variables
local tool="$1"
local pattern="$2"
local group="$3"
local arch="$4"
local full_rule="$5"

# Check sanity of the input
if [ $# -ne "5" ]
then
	echo "Usage: fix_audit_syscall_rule 'tool' 'pattern' 'group' 'arch' 'full rule'"
	echo "Aborting."
	exit 1
fi

# Create a list of audit *.rules files that should be inspected for presence and correctness
# of a particular audit rule. The scheme is as follows:
# 
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Tool used to load audit rules | Rule already defined  |  Audit rules file to inspect    |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        auditctl                |     Doesn't matter    |  /etc/audit/audit.rules         |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#        augenrules              |          Yes          |  /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules     |
#        augenrules              |          No           |  /etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules  |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
declare -a files_to_inspect

retval=0

# First check sanity of the specified audit tool
if [ "$tool" != 'auditctl' ] && [ "$tool" != 'augenrules' ]
then
	echo "Unknown audit rules loading tool: $1. Aborting."
	echo "Use either 'auditctl' or 'augenrules'!"
	return 1
# If audit tool is 'auditctl', then add '/etc/audit/audit.rules'
# file to the list of files to be inspected
elif [ "$tool" == 'auditctl' ]
then
	files_to_inspect+=('/etc/audit/audit.rules' )
# If audit tool is 'augenrules', then check if the audit rule is defined
# If rule is defined, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules' to the list for inspection
# If rule isn't defined yet, add '/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules' to the list for inspection
elif [ "$tool" == 'augenrules' ]
then
	# Extract audit $key from audit rule so we can use it later
	matches=()
	key=$(expr "$full_rule" : '.*-k[[:space:]]\([^[:space:]]\+\)' '|' "$full_rule" : '.*-F[[:space:]]key=\([^[:space:]]\+\)')
	readarray -t matches < <(sed -s -n -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d;F" /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules)
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi
	for match in "${matches[@]}"
	do
		files_to_inspect+=("${match}")
	done
	# Case when particular rule isn't defined in /etc/audit/rules.d/*.rules yet
	if [ ${#files_to_inspect[@]} -eq "0" ]
	then
		file_to_inspect="/etc/audit/rules.d/$key.rules"
		files_to_inspect=("$file_to_inspect")
		if [ ! -e "$file_to_inspect" ]
		then
			touch "$file_to_inspect"
			chmod 0640 "$file_to_inspect"
		fi
	fi
fi

#
# Indicator that we want to append $full_rule into $audit_file by default
local append_expected_rule=0

for audit_file in "${files_to_inspect[@]}"
do
	# Filter existing $audit_file rules' definitions to select those that:
	# * follow the rule pattern, and
	# * meet the hardware architecture requirement, and
	# * are current syscall group specific
	readarray -t existing_rules < <(sed -e "\;${pattern};!d" -e "/${arch}/!d" -e "/${group}/!d"  "$audit_file")
	if [ $? -ne 0 ]
	then
		retval=1
	fi

	# Process rules found case-by-case
	for rule in "${existing_rules[@]}"
	do
		# Found rule is for same arch & key, but differs (e.g. in count of -S arguments)
		if [ "${rule}" != "${full_rule}" ]
		then
			# If so, isolate just '(-S \w)+' substring of that rule
			rule_syscalls=$(echo "$rule" | grep -o -P '(-S \w+ )+')
			# Check if list of '-S syscall' arguments of that rule is subset
			# of '-S syscall' list of expected $full_rule
			if grep -q -- "$rule_syscalls" <<< "$full_rule"
			then
				# Rule is covered (i.e. the list of -S syscalls for this rule is
				# subset of -S syscalls of $full_rule => existing rule can be deleted
				# Thus delete the rule from audit.rules & our array
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi
				existing_rules=("${existing_rules[@]//$rule/}")
			else
				# Rule isn't covered by $full_rule - it besides -S syscall arguments
				# for this group contains also -S syscall arguments for other syscall
				# group. Example: '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' => group='chown'
				# since 'lchown' & 'fchownat' share 'chown' substring
				# Therefore:
				# * 1) delete the original rule from audit.rules
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' rule would be deleted)
				# * 2) delete the -S syscall arguments for this syscall group, but
				# keep those not belonging to this syscall group
				# (original '-S lchown -S fchmod -S fchownat' would become '-S fchmod'
				# * 3) append the modified (filtered) rule again into audit.rules
				# if the same rule not already present
				#
				# 1) Delete the original rule
				sed -i -e "\;${rule};d" "$audit_file"
				if [ $? -ne 0 ]
				then
					retval=1
				fi

				# 2) Delete syscalls for this group, but keep those from other groups
				# Convert current rule syscall's string into array splitting by '-S' delimiter
				IFS_BKP="$IFS"
				IFS=$'-S'
				read -a rule_syscalls_as_array <<< "$rule_syscalls"
				# Reset IFS back to default
				IFS="$IFS_BKP"
				# Splitting by "-S" can't be replaced by the readarray functionality easily

				# Declare new empty string to hold '-S syscall' arguments from other groups
				new_syscalls_for_rule=''
				# Walk through existing '-S syscall' arguments
				for syscall_arg in "${rule_syscalls_as_array[@]}"
				do
					# Skip empty $syscall_arg values
					if [ "$syscall_arg" == '' ]
					then
						continue
					fi
					# If the '-S syscall' doesn't belong to current group add it to the new list
					# (together with adding '-S' delimiter back for each of such item found)
					if grep -q -v -- "$group" <<< "$syscall_arg"
					then
						new_syscalls_for_rule="$new_syscalls_for_rule -S $syscall_arg"
					fi
				done
				# Replace original '-S syscall' list with the new one for this rule
				updated_rule=${rule//$rule_syscalls/$new_syscalls_for_rule}
				# Squeeze repeated whitespace characters in rule definition (if any) into one
				updated_rule=$(echo "$updated_rule" | tr -s '[:space:]')
				# 3) Append the modified / filtered rule again into audit.rules
				#    (but only in case it's not present yet to prevent duplicate definitions)
				if ! grep -q -- "$updated_rule" "$audit_file"
				then
					echo "$updated_rule" >> "$audit_file"
				fi
			fi
		else
			# $audit_file already contains the expected rule form for this
			# architecture & key => don't insert it second time
			append_expected_rule=1
		fi
	done

	# We deleted all rules that were subset of the expected one for this arch & key.
	# Also isolated rules containing system calls not from this system calls group.
	# Now append the expected rule if it's not present in $audit_file yet
	if [[ ${append_expected_rule} -eq "0" ]]
	then
		echo "$full_rule" >> "$audit_file"
	fi
done

return $retval

}
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "augenrules" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
	fix_audit_syscall_rule "auditctl" "$PATTERN" "$GROUP" "$ARCH" "$FULL_RULE"
done

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Reboot:true
Strategy:restrict
- name: Set architecture for audit mount tasks
  set_fact:
    audit_arch: b{{ ansible_architecture | regex_replace('.*(\d\d$)','\1') }}
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Search /etc/audit/rules.d for other DAC audit rules
  find:
    paths: /etc/audit/rules.d
    recurse: false
    contains: -F key=perm_mod$
    patterns: '*.rules'
  register: find_mount
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: If existing DAC ruleset not found, use /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
    as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - /etc/audit/rules.d/privileged.rules
  when:
    - find_mount.matched is defined and find_mount.matched == 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Use matched file as the recipient for the rule
  set_fact:
    all_files:
      - '{{ find_mount.files | map(attribute=''path'') | list | first }}'
  when:
    - find_mount.matched is defined and find_mount.matched > 0
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in rules.d when on x86
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in rules.d when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    path: '{{ all_files[0] }}'
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in /etc/audit/audit.rules when on x86
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

- name: Inserts/replaces the mount rule in audit.rules when on x86_64
  lineinfile:
    line: -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=1000 -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
    state: present
    dest: /etc/audit/audit.rules
    create: true
  when:
    - audit_arch is defined and audit_arch == 'b64'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - CJIS-5.4.1.1
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-030740
    - NIST-800-171-3.1.7
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(9)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-12(c)
    - NIST-800-53-AU-2(d)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - PCI-DSS-Req-10.2.7
    - audit_rules_media_export
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - reboot_required
    - restrict_strategy

Configure Syslog   [ref]group

The syslog service has been the default Unix logging mechanism for many years. It has a number of downsides, including inconsistent log format, lack of authentication for received messages, and lack of authentication, encryption, or reliable transport for messages sent over a network. However, due to its long history, syslog is a de facto standard which is supported by almost all Unix applications.

In Oracle Linux 7, rsyslog has replaced ksyslogd as the syslog daemon of choice, and it includes some additional security features such as reliable, connection-oriented (i.e. TCP) transmission of logs, the option to log to database formats, and the encryption of log data en route to a central logging server. This section discusses how to configure rsyslog for best effect, and how to use tools provided with the system to maintain and monitor logs.

contains 2 rules

Ensure rsyslog is Installed   [ref]rule

Rsyslog is installed by default. The rsyslog package can be installed with the following command:

 $ sudo yum install rsyslog

Rationale:

The rsyslog package provides the rsyslog daemon, which provides system logging services.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

if ! rpm -q --quiet "rsyslog" ; then
    yum install -y "rsyslog"
fi

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
- name: Ensure rsyslog is installed
  package:
    name: rsyslog
    state: present
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - enable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - package_rsyslog_installed
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include install_rsyslog

class install_rsyslog {
  package { 'rsyslog':
    ensure => 'installed',
  }
}
Remediation Anaconda snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable

package --add=rsyslog

Enable rsyslog Service   [ref]rule

The rsyslog service provides syslog-style logging by default on Oracle Linux 7. The rsyslog service can be enabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl enable rsyslog.service

Rationale:

The rsyslog service must be running in order to provide logging services, which are essential to system administration.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" start 'rsyslog.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" enable 'rsyslog.service'

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
- name: Enable service rsyslog
  block:

    - name: Gather the package facts
      package_facts:
        manager: auto

    - name: Enable service rsyslog
      service:
        name: rsyslog
        enabled: 'yes'
        state: started
      when:
        - '"rsyslog" in ansible_facts.packages'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AU-4(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - enable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_rsyslog_enabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include enable_rsyslog

class enable_rsyslog {
  service {'rsyslog':
    enable => true,
    ensure => 'running',
  }
}

File Permissions and Masks   [ref]group

Traditional Unix security relies heavily on file and directory permissions to prevent unauthorized users from reading or modifying files to which they should not have access.

Several of the commands in this section search filesystems for files or directories with certain characteristics, and are intended to be run on every local partition on a given system. When the variable PART appears in one of the commands below, it means that the command is intended to be run repeatedly, with the name of each local partition substituted for PART in turn.

The following command prints a list of all xfs partitions on the local system, which is the default filesystem for Oracle Linux 7 installations:

$ mount -t xfs | awk '{print $3}'
For any systems that use a different local filesystem type, modify this command as appropriate.

contains 7 rules

Restrict Dynamic Mounting and Unmounting of Filesystems   [ref]group

Linux includes a number of facilities for the automated addition and removal of filesystems on a running system. These facilities may be necessary in many environments, but this capability also carries some risk -- whether direct risk from allowing users to introduce arbitrary filesystems, or risk that software flaws in the automated mount facility itself could allow an attacker to compromise the system.

This command can be used to list the types of filesystems that are available to the currently executing kernel:

$ find /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs -type f -name '*.ko'
If these filesystems are not required then they can be explicitly disabled in a configuratio file in /etc/modprobe.d.

contains 1 rule

Disable the Automounter   [ref]rule

The autofs daemon mounts and unmounts filesystems, such as user home directories shared via NFS, on demand. In addition, autofs can be used to handle removable media, and the default configuration provides the cdrom device as /misc/cd. However, this method of providing access to removable media is not common, so autofs can almost always be disabled if NFS is not in use. Even if NFS is required, it may be possible to configure filesystem mounts statically by editing /etc/fstab rather than relying on the automounter.

The autofs service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now autofs.service

Rationale:

Disabling the automounter permits the administrator to statically control filesystem mounting through /etc/fstab.

Additionally, automatically mounting filesystems permits easy introduction of unknown devices, thereby facilitating malicious activity.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'autofs.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'autofs.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'autofs.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^autofs.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'autofs.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'autofs.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'autofs.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service autofs
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service autofs
      systemd:
        name: autofs.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"autofs.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020110
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.6
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_autofs_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - autofs.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files autofs.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020110
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.6
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_autofs_disabled

- name: Disable socket autofs
  systemd:
    name: autofs.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"autofs.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-020110
    - NIST-800-171-3.4.6
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_autofs_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_autofs

class disable_autofs {
  service {'autofs':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Verify Permissions on Important Files and Directories   [ref]group

Permissions for many files on a system must be set restrictively to ensure sensitive information is properly protected. This section discusses important permission restrictions which can be verified to ensure that no harmful discrepancies have arisen.

contains 4 rules

Ensure No World-Writable Files Exist   [ref]rule

It is generally a good idea to remove global (other) write access to a file when it is discovered. However, check with documentation for specific applications before making changes. Also, monitor for recurring world-writable files, as these may be symptoms of a misconfigured application or user account. Finally, this applies to real files and not virtual files that are a part of pseudo file systems such as sysfs or procfs.

Rationale:

Data in world-writable files can be modified by any user on the system. In almost all circumstances, files can be configured using a combination of user and group permissions to support whatever legitimate access is needed without the risk caused by world-writable files.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)


find / -xdev -type f -perm -002 -exec chmod o-w {} \;

Ensure All SUID Executables Are Authorized   [ref]rule

The SUID (set user id) bit should be set only on files that were installed via authorized means. A straightforward means of identifying unauthorized SUID files is determine if any were not installed as part of an RPM package, which is cryptographically verified. Investigate the origin of any unpackaged SUID files. This configuration check considers authorized SUID files which were installed via RPM. It is assumed that when an individual has sudo access to install an RPM and all packages are signed with an organizationally-recognized GPG key, the software should be considered an approved package on the system. Any SUID file not deployed through an RPM will be flagged for further review.

Rationale:

Executable files with the SUID permission run with the privileges of the owner of the file. SUID files of uncertain provenance could allow for unprivileged users to elevate privileges. The presence of these files should be strictly controlled on the system.

Severity:  medium

Ensure All SGID Executables Are Authorized   [ref]rule

The SGID (set group id) bit should be set only on files that were installed via authorized means. A straightforward means of identifying unauthorized SGID files is determine if any were not installed as part of an RPM package, which is cryptographically verified. Investigate the origin of any unpackaged SGID files. This configuration check considers authorized SGID files which were installed via RPM. It is assumed that when an individual has sudo access to install an RPM and all packages are signed with an organizationally-recognized GPG key, the software should be considered an approved package on the system. Any SGID file not deployed through an RPM will be flagged for further review.

Rationale:

Executable files with the SGID permission run with the privileges of the owner of the file. SGID files of uncertain provenance could allow for unprivileged users to elevate privileges. The presence of these files should be strictly controlled on the system.

Severity:  medium

Verify that All World-Writable Directories Have Sticky Bits Set   [ref]rule

When the so-called 'sticky bit' is set on a directory, only the owner of a given file may remove that file from the directory. Without the sticky bit, any user with write access to a directory may remove any file in the directory. Setting the sticky bit prevents users from removing each other's files. In cases where there is no reason for a directory to be world-writable, a better solution is to remove that permission rather than to set the sticky bit. However, if a directory is used by a particular application, consult that application's documentation instead of blindly changing modes.
To set the sticky bit on a world-writable directory DIR, run the following command:

$ sudo chmod +t DIR

Rationale:

Failing to set the sticky bit on public directories allows unauthorized users to delete files in the directory structure.

The only authorized public directories are those temporary directories supplied with the system, or those designed to be temporary file repositories. The setting is normally reserved for directories used by the system, by users for temporary file storage (such as /tmp), and for directories requiring global read/write access.

Severity:  medium

Restrict Partition Mount Options   [ref]group

System partitions can be mounted with certain options that limit what files on those partitions can do. These options are set in the /etc/fstab configuration file, and can be used to make certain types of malicious behavior more difficult.

contains 2 rules

Add nosuid Option to /dev/shm   [ref]rule

The nosuid mount option can be used to prevent execution of setuid programs in /dev/shm. The SUID and SGID permissions should not be required in these world-writable directories. Add the nosuid option to the fourth column of /etc/fstab for the line which controls mounting of /dev/shm.

Rationale:

The presence of SUID and SGID executables should be tightly controlled. Users should not be able to execute SUID or SGID binaries from temporary storage partitions.

Severity:  low

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

function include_mount_options_functions {
	:
}

# $1: type of filesystem
# $2: new mount point option
# $3: filesystem of new mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
# $4: mount type of new mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
function ensure_mount_option_for_vfstype {
        local _vfstype="$1" _new_opt="$2" _filesystem=$3 _type=$4 _vfstype_points=()
        readarray -t _vfstype_points < <(grep -E "[[:space:]]${_vfstype}[[:space:]]" /etc/fstab | awk '{print $2}')

        for _vfstype_point in "${_vfstype_points[@]}"
        do
                ensure_mount_option_in_fstab "$_vfstype_point" "$_new_opt" "$_filesystem" "$_type"
        done
}

# $1: mount point
# $2: new mount point option
# $3: device or virtual string (used when adding new entry in fstab)
# $4: mount type of mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
function ensure_mount_option_in_fstab {
	local _mount_point="$1" _new_opt="$2" _device=$3 _type=$4
	local _mount_point_match_regexp="" _previous_mount_opts=""
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$_mount_point")"

	if [ "$(grep -c "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab)" -eq 0 ]; then
		# runtime opts without some automatic kernel/userspace-added defaults
		_previous_mount_opts=$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/mtab | head -1 |  awk '{print $4}' \
					| sed -E "s/(rw|defaults|seclabel|${_new_opt})(,|$)//g;s/,$//")
		[ "$_previous_mount_opts" ] && _previous_mount_opts+=","
		echo "${_device} ${_mount_point} ${_type} defaults,${_previous_mount_opts}${_new_opt} 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
	elif [ "$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | grep -c "$_new_opt")" -eq 0 ]; then
		_previous_mount_opts=$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | awk '{print $4}')
		sed -i "s|\(${_mount_point_match_regexp}.*${_previous_mount_opts}\)|\1,${_new_opt}|" /etc/fstab
	fi
}

# $1: mount point
function get_mount_point_regexp {
		printf "[[:space:]]%s[[:space:]]" "$1"
}

# $1: mount point
function assert_mount_point_in_fstab {
	local _mount_point_match_regexp
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$1")"
	grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" -q /etc/fstab \
		|| { echo "The mount point '$1' is not even in /etc/fstab, so we can't set up mount options" >&2; return 1; }
}

# $1: mount point
function remove_defaults_from_fstab_if_overriden {
	local _mount_point_match_regexp
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$1")"
	if grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | grep -q "defaults,"
	then
		sed -i "s|\(${_mount_point_match_regexp}.*\)defaults,|\1|" /etc/fstab
	fi
}

# $1: mount point
function ensure_partition_is_mounted {
	local _mount_point="$1"
	mkdir -p "$_mount_point" || return 1
	if mountpoint -q "$_mount_point"; then
		mount -o remount --target "$_mount_point"
	else
		mount --target "$_mount_point"
	fi
}
include_mount_options_functions

function perform_remediation {
	# test "$mount_has_to_exist" = 'yes'
	if test "no" = 'yes'; then
		assert_mount_point_in_fstab /dev/shm || { echo "Not remediating, because there is no record of /dev/shm in /etc/fstab" >&2; return 1; }
	fi

	ensure_mount_option_in_fstab "/dev/shm" "nosuid" "tmpfs" "tmpfs"

	ensure_partition_is_mounted "/dev/shm"
}

perform_remediation

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Strategy:configure
- name: Check information associated to mountpoint
  command: findmnt  '/dev/shm'
  register: device_name
  failed_when: device_name.rc > 1
  changed_when: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021023
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Create mount_info dictionary variable
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info|default({})|combine({item.0: item.1}) }}'
  with_together:
    - '{{ device_name.stdout_lines[0].split() | list | lower }}'
    - '{{ device_name.stdout_lines[1].split() | list }}'
  when:
    - device_name.stdout is defined and device_name.stdout_lines is defined
    - (device_name.stdout | length > 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021023
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: If /dev/shm not mounted, craft mount_info manually
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info|default({})|combine({item.0: item.1}) }}'
  with_together:
    - - target
      - source
      - fstype
      - options
    - - /dev/shm
      - tmpfs
      - tmpfs
      - defaults
  when:
    - ("" | length == 0)
    - (device_name.stdout | length == 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021023
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Make sure nosuid option is part of the to /dev/shm options
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info | combine( {''options'':''''~mount_info.options~'',nosuid''
      }) }}'
  when:
    - mount_info is defined and "nosuid" not in mount_info.options
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021023
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Ensure /dev/shm is mounted with nosuid option
  mount:
    path: /dev/shm
    src: '{{ mount_info.source }}'
    opts: '{{ mount_info.options }}'
    state: mounted
    fstype: '{{ mount_info.fstype }}'
  when:
    - (device_name.stdout is defined and (device_name.stdout | length > 0)) or (""
      | length == 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021023
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nosuid
    - no_reboot_needed

Add nodev Option to /dev/shm   [ref]rule

The nodev mount option can be used to prevent creation of device files in /dev/shm. Legitimate character and block devices should not exist within temporary directories like /dev/shm. Add the nodev option to the fourth column of /etc/fstab for the line which controls mounting of /dev/shm.

Rationale:

The only legitimate location for device files is the /dev directory located on the root partition. The only exception to this is chroot jails.

Severity:  low

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

function include_mount_options_functions {
	:
}

# $1: type of filesystem
# $2: new mount point option
# $3: filesystem of new mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
# $4: mount type of new mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
function ensure_mount_option_for_vfstype {
        local _vfstype="$1" _new_opt="$2" _filesystem=$3 _type=$4 _vfstype_points=()
        readarray -t _vfstype_points < <(grep -E "[[:space:]]${_vfstype}[[:space:]]" /etc/fstab | awk '{print $2}')

        for _vfstype_point in "${_vfstype_points[@]}"
        do
                ensure_mount_option_in_fstab "$_vfstype_point" "$_new_opt" "$_filesystem" "$_type"
        done
}

# $1: mount point
# $2: new mount point option
# $3: device or virtual string (used when adding new entry in fstab)
# $4: mount type of mount point (used when adding new entry in fstab)
function ensure_mount_option_in_fstab {
	local _mount_point="$1" _new_opt="$2" _device=$3 _type=$4
	local _mount_point_match_regexp="" _previous_mount_opts=""
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$_mount_point")"

	if [ "$(grep -c "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab)" -eq 0 ]; then
		# runtime opts without some automatic kernel/userspace-added defaults
		_previous_mount_opts=$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/mtab | head -1 |  awk '{print $4}' \
					| sed -E "s/(rw|defaults|seclabel|${_new_opt})(,|$)//g;s/,$//")
		[ "$_previous_mount_opts" ] && _previous_mount_opts+=","
		echo "${_device} ${_mount_point} ${_type} defaults,${_previous_mount_opts}${_new_opt} 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
	elif [ "$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | grep -c "$_new_opt")" -eq 0 ]; then
		_previous_mount_opts=$(grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | awk '{print $4}')
		sed -i "s|\(${_mount_point_match_regexp}.*${_previous_mount_opts}\)|\1,${_new_opt}|" /etc/fstab
	fi
}

# $1: mount point
function get_mount_point_regexp {
		printf "[[:space:]]%s[[:space:]]" "$1"
}

# $1: mount point
function assert_mount_point_in_fstab {
	local _mount_point_match_regexp
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$1")"
	grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" -q /etc/fstab \
		|| { echo "The mount point '$1' is not even in /etc/fstab, so we can't set up mount options" >&2; return 1; }
}

# $1: mount point
function remove_defaults_from_fstab_if_overriden {
	local _mount_point_match_regexp
	_mount_point_match_regexp="$(get_mount_point_regexp "$1")"
	if grep "$_mount_point_match_regexp" /etc/fstab | grep -q "defaults,"
	then
		sed -i "s|\(${_mount_point_match_regexp}.*\)defaults,|\1|" /etc/fstab
	fi
}

# $1: mount point
function ensure_partition_is_mounted {
	local _mount_point="$1"
	mkdir -p "$_mount_point" || return 1
	if mountpoint -q "$_mount_point"; then
		mount -o remount --target "$_mount_point"
	else
		mount --target "$_mount_point"
	fi
}
include_mount_options_functions

function perform_remediation {
	# test "$mount_has_to_exist" = 'yes'
	if test "no" = 'yes'; then
		assert_mount_point_in_fstab /dev/shm || { echo "Not remediating, because there is no record of /dev/shm in /etc/fstab" >&2; return 1; }
	fi

	ensure_mount_option_in_fstab "/dev/shm" "nodev" "tmpfs" "tmpfs"

	ensure_partition_is_mounted "/dev/shm"
}

perform_remediation

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:high
Strategy:configure
- name: Check information associated to mountpoint
  command: findmnt  '/dev/shm'
  register: device_name
  failed_when: device_name.rc > 1
  changed_when: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021022
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nodev
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Create mount_info dictionary variable
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info|default({})|combine({item.0: item.1}) }}'
  with_together:
    - '{{ device_name.stdout_lines[0].split() | list | lower }}'
    - '{{ device_name.stdout_lines[1].split() | list }}'
  when:
    - device_name.stdout is defined and device_name.stdout_lines is defined
    - (device_name.stdout | length > 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021022
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nodev
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: If /dev/shm not mounted, craft mount_info manually
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info|default({})|combine({item.0: item.1}) }}'
  with_together:
    - - target
      - source
      - fstype
      - options
    - - /dev/shm
      - tmpfs
      - tmpfs
      - defaults
  when:
    - ("" | length == 0)
    - (device_name.stdout | length == 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021022
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nodev
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Make sure nodev option is part of the to /dev/shm options
  set_fact:
    mount_info: '{{ mount_info | combine( {''options'':''''~mount_info.options~'',nodev''
      }) }}'
  when:
    - mount_info is defined and "nodev" not in mount_info.options
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021022
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nodev
    - no_reboot_needed

- name: Ensure /dev/shm is mounted with nodev option
  mount:
    path: /dev/shm
    src: '{{ mount_info.source }}'
    opts: '{{ mount_info.options }}'
    state: mounted
    fstype: '{{ mount_info.fstype }}'
  when:
    - (device_name.stdout is defined and (device_name.stdout | length > 0)) or (""
      | length == 0)
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - DISA-STIG-OL07-00-021022
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6
    - NIST-800-53-AC-6(1)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - NIST-800-53-MP-7
    - configure_strategy
    - high_disruption
    - low_complexity
    - low_severity
    - mount_option_dev_shm_nodev
    - no_reboot_needed

Services   [ref]group

The best protection against vulnerable software is running less software. This section describes how to review the software which Oracle Linux 7 installs on a system and disable software which is not needed. It then enumerates the software packages installed on a default Oracle Linux 7 system and provides guidance about which ones can be safely disabled.

Oracle Linux 7 provides a convenient minimal install option that essentially installs the bare necessities for a functional system. When building Oracle Linux 7 systems, it is highly recommended to select the minimal packages and then build up the system from there.

contains 6 rules

Cron and At Daemons   [ref]group

The cron and at services are used to allow commands to be executed at a later time. The cron service is required by almost all systems to perform necessary maintenance tasks, while at may or may not be required on a given system. Both daemons should be configured defensively.

contains 1 rule

Disable At Service (atd)   [ref]rule

The at and batch commands can be used to schedule tasks that are meant to be executed only once. This allows delayed execution in a manner similar to cron, except that it is not recurring. The daemon atd keeps track of tasks scheduled via at and batch, and executes them at the specified time. The atd service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now atd.service

Rationale:

The atd service could be used by an unsophisticated insider to carry out activities outside of a normal login session, which could complicate accountability. Furthermore, the need to schedule tasks with at or batch is not common.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'atd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'atd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'atd.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^atd.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'atd.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'atd.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'atd.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service atd
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service atd
      systemd:
        name: atd.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"atd.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_atd_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - atd.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files atd.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_atd_disabled

- name: Disable socket atd
  systemd:
    name: atd.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"atd.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_atd_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_atd

class disable_atd {
  service {'atd':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Base Services   [ref]group

This section addresses the base services that are installed on a Oracle Linux 7 default installation which are not covered in other sections. Some of these services listen on the network and should be treated with particular discretion. Other services are local system utilities that may or may not be extraneous. In general, system services should be disabled if not required.

contains 5 rules

Disable Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (abrtd)   [ref]rule

The Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (abrtd) daemon collects and reports crash data when an application crash is detected. Using a variety of plugins, abrtd can email crash reports to system administrators, log crash reports to files, or forward crash reports to a centralized issue tracking system such as RHTSupport. The abrtd service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now abrtd.service

Rationale:

Mishandling crash data could expose sensitive information about vulnerabilities in software executing on the system, as well as sensitive information from within a process's address space or registers.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'abrtd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'abrtd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'abrtd.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^abrtd.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'abrtd.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'abrtd.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'abrtd.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service abrtd
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service abrtd
      systemd:
        name: abrtd.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"abrtd.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_abrtd_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - abrtd.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files abrtd.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_abrtd_disabled

- name: Disable socket abrtd
  systemd:
    name: abrtd.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"abrtd.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_abrtd_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_abrtd

class disable_abrtd {
  service {'abrtd':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Disable ntpdate Service (ntpdate)   [ref]rule

The ntpdate service sets the local hardware clock by polling NTP servers when the system boots. It synchronizes to the NTP servers listed in /etc/ntp/step-tickers or /etc/ntp.conf and then sets the local hardware clock to the newly synchronized system time. The ntpdate service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now ntpdate.service

Rationale:

The ntpdate service may only be suitable for systems which are rebooted frequently enough that clock drift does not cause problems between reboots. In any event, the functionality of the ntpdate service is now available in the ntpd program and should be considered deprecated.

Severity:  low

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'ntpdate.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'ntpdate.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'ntpdate.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^ntpdate.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'ntpdate.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'ntpdate.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'ntpdate.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service ntpdate
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service ntpdate
      systemd:
        name: ntpdate.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"ntpdate.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_ntpdate_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - ntpdate.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files ntpdate.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_ntpdate_disabled

- name: Disable socket ntpdate
  systemd:
    name: ntpdate.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"ntpdate.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_ntpdate_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_ntpdate

class disable_ntpdate {
  service {'ntpdate':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Disable Odd Job Daemon (oddjobd)   [ref]rule

The oddjobd service exists to provide an interface and access control mechanism through which specified privileged tasks can run tasks for unprivileged client applications. Communication with oddjobd through the system message bus. The oddjobd service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now oddjobd.service

Rationale:

The oddjobd service may provide necessary functionality in some environments, and can be disabled if it is not needed. Execution of tasks by privileged programs, on behalf of unprivileged ones, has traditionally been a source of privilege escalation security issues.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'oddjobd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'oddjobd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'oddjobd.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^oddjobd.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'oddjobd.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'oddjobd.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'oddjobd.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service oddjobd
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service oddjobd
      systemd:
        name: oddjobd.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"oddjobd.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_oddjobd_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - oddjobd.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files oddjobd.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_oddjobd_disabled

- name: Disable socket oddjobd
  systemd:
    name: oddjobd.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"oddjobd.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_oddjobd_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_oddjobd

class disable_oddjobd {
  service {'oddjobd':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Disable Apache Qpid (qpidd)   [ref]rule

The qpidd service provides high speed, secure, guaranteed delivery services. It is an implementation of the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. By default the qpidd service will bind to port 5672 and listen for connection attempts. The qpidd service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now qpidd.service

Rationale:

The qpidd service is automatically installed when the base package selection is selected during installation. The qpidd service listens for network connections, which increases the attack surface of the system. If the system is not intended to receive AMQP traffic, then the qpidd service is not needed and should be disabled or removed.

Severity:  low

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'qpidd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'qpidd.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'qpidd.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^qpidd.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'qpidd.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'qpidd.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'qpidd.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service qpidd
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service qpidd
      systemd:
        name: qpidd.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"qpidd.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_qpidd_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - qpidd.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files qpidd.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_qpidd_disabled

- name: Disable socket qpidd
  systemd:
    name: qpidd.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"qpidd.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - low_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_qpidd_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_qpidd

class disable_qpidd {
  service {'qpidd':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}

Disable Network Router Discovery Daemon (rdisc)   [ref]rule

The rdisc service implements the client side of the ICMP Internet Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP), which allows discovery of routers on the local subnet. If a router is discovered then the local routing table is updated with a corresponding default route. By default this daemon is disabled. The rdisc service can be disabled with the following command:

$ sudo systemctl mask --now rdisc.service

Rationale:

General-purpose systems typically have their network and routing information configured statically by a system administrator. Workstations or some special-purpose systems often use DHCP (instead of IRDP) to retrieve dynamic network configuration information.

Severity:  medium

Remediation Shell script:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
# Remediation is applicable only in certain platforms
if [ ! -f /.dockerenv ] && [ ! -f /run/.containerenv ]; then

SYSTEMCTL_EXEC='/usr/bin/systemctl'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'rdisc.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" disable 'rdisc.service'
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'rdisc.service'
# Disable socket activation if we have a unit file for it
if "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" list-unit-files | grep -q '^rdisc.socket'; then
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" stop 'rdisc.socket'
    "$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" mask 'rdisc.socket'
fi
# The service may not be running because it has been started and failed,
# so let's reset the state so OVAL checks pass.
# Service should be 'inactive', not 'failed' after reboot though.
"$SYSTEMCTL_EXEC" reset-failed 'rdisc.service' || true

else
    >&2 echo 'Remediation is not applicable, nothing was done'
fi
Remediation Ansible snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:disable
- name: Disable service rdisc
  block:

    - name: Gather the service facts
      service_facts: null

    - name: Disable service rdisc
      systemd:
        name: rdisc.service
        enabled: 'no'
        state: stopped
        masked: 'yes'
      when: '"rdisc.service" in ansible_facts.services'
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-4
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_rdisc_disabled

- name: Unit Socket Exists - rdisc.socket
  command: systemctl list-unit-files rdisc.socket
  args:
    warn: false
  register: socket_file_exists
  changed_when: false
  ignore_errors: true
  check_mode: false
  when: ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-4
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_rdisc_disabled

- name: Disable socket rdisc
  systemd:
    name: rdisc.socket
    enabled: 'no'
    state: stopped
    masked: 'yes'
  when:
    - '"rdisc.socket" in socket_file_exists.stdout_lines[1]'
    - ansible_virtualization_type not in ["docker", "lxc", "openvz", "podman", "container"]
  tags:
    - NIST-800-53-AC-4
    - NIST-800-53-CM-6(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(a)
    - NIST-800-53-CM-7(b)
    - disable_strategy
    - low_complexity
    - low_disruption
    - medium_severity
    - no_reboot_needed
    - service_rdisc_disabled
Remediation Puppet snippet:   (show)

Complexity:low
Disruption:low
Strategy:enable
include disable_rdisc

class disable_rdisc {
  service {'rdisc':
    enable => false,
    ensure => 'stopped',
  }
}
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