# Domain-Specific Languages

version 5.1.0

## 1. Command chains

Groovy lets you omit parentheses around the arguments of a method call for top-level statements. "command chain" feature extends this by allowing us to chain such parentheses-free method calls, requiring neither parentheses around arguments, nor dots between the chained calls. The general idea is that a call like `a b c d` will actually be equivalent to `a(b).c(d)`. This also works with multiple arguments, closure arguments, and even named arguments. Furthermore, such command chains can also appear on the right-hand side of assignments. Let’s have a look at some examples supported by this new syntax:

    // equivalent to: turn(left).then(right)
    turn left then right

    // equivalent to: take(2.pills).of(chloroquinine).after(6.hours)
    take 2.pills of chloroquinine after 6.hours

    // equivalent to: paint(wall).with(red, green).and(yellow)
    paint wall with red, green and yellow

    // with named parameters too
    // equivalent to: check(that: margarita).tastes(good)
    check that: margarita tastes good

    // with closures as parameters
    // equivalent to: given({}).when({}).then({})
    given { } when { } then { }

It is also possible to use methods in the chain which take no arguments, but in that case, the parentheses are needed:

    // equivalent to: select(all).unique().from(names)
    select all unique() from names

If your command chain contains an odd number of elements, the chain will be composed of method / arguments, and will finish by a final property access:

    // equivalent to: take(3).cookies
    // and also this: take(3).getCookies()
    take 3 cookies

This command chain approach opens up interesting possibilities in terms of the much wider range of DSLs which can now be written in Groovy.

The above examples illustrate using a command chain based DSL but not how to create one. There are various strategies that you can use, but to illustrate creating such a DSL, we will show a couple of examples - first using maps and Closures:

    show = { println it }
    square_root = { Math.sqrt(it) }

    def please(action) {
      [the: { what ->
        [of: { n -> action(what(n)) }]
      }]
    }

    // equivalent to: please(show).the(square_root).of(100)
    please show the square_root of 100
    // ==> 10.0

As a second example, consider how you might write a DSL for simplifying one of your existing APIs. Maybe you need to put this code in front of customers, business analysts or testers who might be not hard-core Java developers. We’ll use the `Splitter` from the Google Guava libraries project as it already has a nice Fluent API. Here is how we might use it out of the box:

    @Grab('com.google.guava:guava:r09')
    import com.google.common.base.*
    def result = Splitter.on(',').trimResults(CharMatcher.is('_' as char)).split("_a ,_b_ ,c__").iterator().toList()

It reads fairly well for a Java developer but if that is not your target audience or you have many such statements to write, it could be considered a little verbose. Again, there are many options for writing a DSL. We’ll keep it simple with Maps and Closures. We’ll first write a helper method:

    @Grab('com.google.guava:guava:r09')
    import com.google.common.base.*
    def split(string) {
      [on: { sep ->
        [trimming: { trimChar ->
          Splitter.on(sep).trimResults(CharMatcher.is(trimChar as char)).split(string).iterator().toList()
        }]
      }]
    }

now instead of this line from our original example:

    def result = Splitter.on(',').trimResults(CharMatcher.is('_' as char)).split("_a ,_b_ ,c__").iterator().toList()

we can write this:

    def result = split "_a ,_b_ ,c__" on ',' trimming '_\'

## 2. Operator overloading

Various operators in Groovy are mapped onto regular method calls on objects.

This allows you to provide your own Java or Groovy objects which can take advantage of operator overloading. The following table describes the operators supported in Groovy and the methods they map to.

Operator | Method
--- | ---
`a + b` | a.plus(b)
`a - b` | a.minus(b)
`a * b` | a.multiply(b)
`a ** b` | a.power(b)
`a / b` | a.div(b)
`a % b` | a.mod(b)
`a | b` | a.or(b)
`a & b` | a.and(b)
`a ^ b` | a.xor(b)
`a++` or `++a` | a.next()
`a--` or `--a` | a.previous()
`a[b]` | a.getAt(b)
`a[b] = c` | a.putAt(b, c)
`a << b` | a.leftShift(b)
`a >> b` | a.rightShift(b)
`a >>> b` | a.rightShiftUnsigned(b)
`switch(a) { case(b) : }` | b.isCase(a)
`if(a)` | a.asBoolean()
`~a` | a.bitwiseNegate()
`-a` | a.negative()
`+a` | a.positive()
`a as b` | a.asType(b)
`a == b` | a.equals(b)
`a != b` | ! a.equals(b)
`a <=> b` | a.compareTo(b)
`a > b` | a.compareTo(b) > 0
`a >= b` | a.compareTo(b) >= 0
`a \< b` | a.compareTo(b) < 0
`a <= b` | a.compareTo(b) <= 0

## 3. Script base classes

### 3.1. The Script class

Groovy scripts are always compiled to classes. For example, a script as simple as:

    println 'Hello from Groovy'

is compiled to a class extending the abstract groovy.lang.Script class. This class contains a single abstract method called run. When a script is compiled, then its body will become the run method, while the other methods found in the script are found in the implementing class. The `Script` class provides base support for integration with your application through the `Binding` object, as illustrated in this example:

    def binding = new Binding()             (1)
    def shell = new GroovyShell(binding)    (2)
    binding.setVariable('x',1)              (3)
    binding.setVariable('y',3)
    shell.evaluate 'z=2*x+y'                (4)
    assert binding.getVariable('z') == 5    (5)

1 | a binding is used to share data between the script and the calling class
2 | a `GroovyShell` can be used with this binding
3 | input variables are set from the calling class inside the binding
4 | then the script is evaluated
5 | and the `z` variable has been "exported" into the binding

This is a very practical way to share data between the caller and the script, however it may be insufficient or not practical in some cases. For that purpose, Groovy allows you to set your own base script class. A base script class has to extend groovy.lang.Script and be a single abstract method type:

    abstract class MyBaseClass extends Script {
        String name
        public void greet() { println "Hello, $name!" }
    }

Then the custom script base class can be declared in the compiler configuration, for example:

    def config = new CompilerConfiguration()                                (1)
    config.scriptBaseClass = 'MyBaseClass'                                  (2)
    def shell = new GroovyShell(this.class.classLoader, config)             (3)
    shell.evaluate """
        setName 'Judith'                                                    (4)
        greet()
    """

1 | create a custom compiler configuration
2 | set the base script class to our custom base script class
3 | then create a `GroovyShell` using that configuration
4 | the script will then extend the base script class, giving direct access to the `name` property and `greet` method

### 3.2. The @BaseScript annotation

As an alternative, it is also possible to use the `@BaseScript` annotation directly into a script:

    import groovy.transform.BaseScript

    @BaseScript MyBaseClass baseScript
    setName 'Judith'
    greet()

where `@BaseScript` should annotate a variable which type is the class of the base script. Alternatively, you can set the base script class as a member of the `@BaseScript` annotation itself:

    @BaseScript(MyBaseClass)
    import groovy.transform.BaseScript

    setName 'Judith'
    greet()

When using the special no-args `run` method, you can even annotate that method as shown here:

    abstract class CustomScript extends Script {
        int getTheMeaningOfLife() { 42 }
    }

    @BaseScript(CustomScript)
    def run() {
        assert theMeaningOfLife == 42
    }

### 3.3. Alternate abstract method

We have seen that the base script class is a single abstract method type that needs to implement the `run` method. The `run` method is executed by the script engine automatically. In some circumstances it may be interesting to have a base class which implements the `run` method, but provides an alternative abstract method to be used for the script body. For example, the base script `run` method might perform some initialization before the `run` method is executed. This is possible by doing this:

    abstract class MyBaseClass extends Script {
        int count
        abstract void scriptBody()                              (1)
        def run() {
            count++                                             (2)
            scriptBody()                                        (3)
            count                                               (4)
        }
    }

1 | the base script class should define one (and only one) abstract method
2 | the `run` method can be overridden and perform a task before executing the script body
3 | `run` calls the abstract `scriptBody` method which will delegate to the user script
4 | then it can return something else than the value from the script

If you execute this code:

    def result = shell.evaluate """
        println 'Ok'
    """
    assert result == 1

Then you will see that the script is executed, but the result of the evaluation is `1` as returned by the `run` method of the base class. It is even clearer if you use `parse` instead of `evaluate`, because it would allow you to execute the `run` method several times on the same script instance:

    def script = shell.parse("println 'Ok'")
    assert script.run() == 1
    assert script.run() == 2

## 4. Adding properties to numbers

In Groovy number types are considered equal to any other types. As such, it is possible to enhance numbers by adding properties or methods to them. This can be very handy when dealing with measurable quantities for example. Details about how existing classes can be enhanced in Groovy are found in the extension modules section or the categories section.

An illustration of this can be found in Groovy using the `TimeCategory`:

    use(TimeCategory) {
        println 1.minute.from.now       (1)
        println 10.hours.ago

        def someDate = new Date()       (2)
        println someDate - 3.months
    }

1 | using the `TimeCategory`, a property `minute` is added to the `Integer` class
2 | similarly, the `months` method returns a `groovy.time.DatumDependentDuration` which can be used in calculus

Categories are lexically bound, making them a great fit for internal DSLs.

## 5. @DelegatesTo

### 5.1. Explaining delegation strategy at compile time

`@groovy.lang.DelegatesTo` is a documentation and compile-time annotation aimed at:

- documenting APIs that use closures as arguments

- providing type information for the static type checker and compiler

The Groovy language is a platform of choice for building DSLs. Using closures, it’s quite easy to create custom control structures, as well as it is simple to create builders. Imagine that you have the following code:

    email {
        from 'dsl-guru@mycompany.com'
        to 'john.doe@waitaminute.com'
        subject 'The pope has resigned!'
        body {
            p 'Really, the pope has resigned!'
        }
    }

One way of implementing this is using the builder strategy, which implies a method, named `email` which accepts a closure as an argument. The method may delegate subsequent calls to an object that implements the `from`, `to`, `subject` and `body` methods. Again, `body` is a method which accepts a closure as an argument and that uses the builder strategy.

Implementing such a builder is usually done the following way:

    def email(Closure cl) {
        def email = new EmailSpec()
        def code = cl.rehydrate(email, this, this)
        code.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY
        code()
    }

the `EmailSpec` class implements the `from`, `to`, … methods. By calling `rehydrate`, we’re creating a copy of the closure for which we set the `delegate`, `owner` and `thisObject` values. Setting the owner and the `this` object is not very important here since we will use the `DELEGATE_ONLY` strategy which says that the method calls will be resolved only against the delegate of the closure.

    class EmailSpec {
        void from(String from) { println "From: $from"}
        void to(String... to) { println "To: $to"}
        void subject(String subject) { println "Subject: $subject"}
        void body(Closure body) {
            def bodySpec = new BodySpec()
            def code = body.rehydrate(bodySpec, this, this)
            code.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY
            code()
        }
    }

The `EmailSpec` class has itself a `body` method accepting a closure that is cloned and executed. This is what we call the builder pattern in Groovy.

One of the problems with the code that we’ve shown is that the user of the `email` method doesn’t have any information about the methods that he’s allowed to call inside the closure. The only possible information is from the method documentation. There are two issues with this: first of all, documentation is not always written, and if it is, it’s not always available (javadoc not downloaded, for example). Second, it doesn’t help IDEs. What would be really interesting, here, is for IDEs to help the developer by suggesting, once they are in the closure body, methods that exist on the `email` class.

Moreover, if the user calls a method in the closure which is not defined by the `EmailSpec` class, the IDE should at least issue a warning (because it’s very likely that it will break at runtime).

One more problem with the code above is that it is not compatible with static type checking. Type checking would let the user know if a method call is authorized at compile time instead of runtime, but if you try to perform type checking on this code:

    email {
        from 'dsl-guru@mycompany.com'
        to 'john.doe@waitaminute.com'
        subject 'The pope has resigned!'
        body {
            p 'Really, the pope has resigned!'
        }
    }

Then the type checker will know that there’s an `email` method accepting a `Closure`, but it will complain about every method call inside the closure, because `from`, for example, is not a method which is defined in the class. Indeed, it’s defined in the `EmailSpec` class and it has absolutely no hint to help it knowing that the closure delegate will, at runtime, be of type `EmailSpec`:

    @groovy.transform.TypeChecked
    void sendEmail() {
        email {
            from 'dsl-guru@mycompany.com'
            to 'john.doe@waitaminute.com'
            subject 'The pope has resigned!'
            body {
                p 'Really, the pope has resigned!'
            }
        }
    }

will fail compilation with errors like this one:

    [Static type checking] - Cannot find matching method MyScript#from(java.lang.String). Please check if the declared type is correct and if the method exists.
     @ line 31, column 21.
                           from 'dsl-guru@mycompany.com'

### 5.2. @DelegatesTo

For those reasons, Groovy 2.1 introduced a new annotation named `@DelegatesTo`. The goal of this annotation is to solve both the documentation issue, that will let your IDE know about the expected methods in the closure body, and it will also solve the type checking issue, by giving hints to the compiler about what are the potential receivers of method calls in the closure body.

The idea is to annotate the `Closure` parameter of the `email` method:

    def email(@DelegatesTo(EmailSpec) Closure cl) {
        def email = new EmailSpec()
        def code = cl.rehydrate(email, this, this)
        code.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY
        code()
    }

What we’ve done here is telling the compiler (or the IDE) that when the method will be called with a closure, the delegate of this closure will be set to an object of type `email`. But there is still a problem: the default delegation strategy is not the one which is used in our method. So we will give more information and tell the compiler (or the IDE) that the delegation strategy is also changed:

    def email(@DelegatesTo(strategy=Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY, value=EmailSpec) Closure cl) {
        def email = new EmailSpec()
        def code = cl.rehydrate(email, this, this)
        code.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY
        code()
    }

Now, both the IDE and the type checker (if you are using `@TypeChecked`) will be aware of the delegate and the delegation strategy. This is very nice because it will both allow the IDE to provide smart completion, but it will also remove errors at compile time that exist only because the behaviour of the program is normally only known at runtime!

The following code will now pass compilation:

    @TypeChecked
    void doEmail() {
        email {
            from 'dsl-guru@mycompany.com'
            to 'john.doe@waitaminute.com'
            subject 'The pope has resigned!'
            body {
                p 'Really, the pope has resigned!'
            }
        }
    }

### 5.3. DelegatesTo modes

`@DelegatesTo` supports multiple modes that we will describe with examples in this section.

#### 5.3.1. Simple delegation

In this mode, the only mandatory parameter is the value which says to which class we delegate calls. Nothing more. We’re telling the compiler that the type of the delegate will always be of the type documented by `@DelegatesTo` (note that it can be a subclass, but if it is, the methods defined by the subclass will not be visible to the type checker).

    void body(@DelegatesTo(BodySpec) Closure cl) {
        // ...
    }

#### 5.3.2. Delegation strategy

In this mode, you must specify both the delegate class and a delegation strategy. This must be used if the closure will not be called with the default delegation strategy, which is `Closure.OWNER_FIRST`.

    void body(@DelegatesTo(strategy=Closure.DELEGATE_ONLY, value=BodySpec) Closure cl) {
        // ...
    }

#### 5.3.3. Delegate to parameter

In this variant, we will tell the compiler that we are delegating to another parameter of the method. Take the following code:

    def exec(Object target, Closure code) {
       def clone = code.rehydrate(target, this, this)
       clone()
    }

Here, the delegate which will be used is not created inside the `exec` method. In fact, we take an argument of the method and delegate to it. Usage may look like this:

    def email = new Email()
    exec(email) {
       from '...'
       to '...'
       send()
    }

Each of the method calls are delegated to the `email` parameter. This is a widely used pattern which is also supported by `@DelegatesTo` using a companion annotation:

    def exec(@DelegatesTo.Target Object target, @DelegatesTo Closure code) {
       def clone = code.rehydrate(target, this, this)
       clone()
    }

A closure is annotated with `@DelegatesTo`, but this time, without specifying any class. Instead, we’re annotating another parameter with `@DelegatesTo.Target`. The type of the delegate is then determined at compile time. One could think that we are using the parameter type, which in this case is `Object` but this is not true. Take this code:

    class Greeter {
       void sayHello() { println 'Hello' }
    }
    def greeter = new Greeter()
    exec(greeter) {
       sayHello()
    }

Remember that this works out of the box without having to annotate with `@DelegatesTo`. However, to make the IDE aware of the delegate type, or the type checker aware of it, we need to add `@DelegatesTo`. And in this case, it will know that the `Greeter` variable is of type `Greeter`, so it will not report errors on the sayHello method even if the exec method doesn’t explicitly define the target as of type Greeter. This is a very powerful feature, because it prevents you from writing multiple versions of the same `exec` method for different receiver types!

In this mode, the `@DelegatesTo` annotation also supports the `strategy` parameter that we’ve described upper.

#### 5.3.4. Multiple closures

In the previous example, the `exec` method accepted only one closure, but you may have methods that take multiple closures:

    void fooBarBaz(Closure foo, Closure bar, Closure baz) {
        ...
    }

Then nothing prevents you from annotating each closure with `@DelegatesTo`:

    class Foo { void foo(String msg) { println "Foo ${msg}!" } }
    class Bar { void bar(int x) { println "Bar ${x}!" } }
    class Baz { void baz(Date d) { println "Baz ${d}!" } }

    void fooBarBaz(@DelegatesTo(Foo) Closure foo, @DelegatesTo(Bar) Closure bar, @DelegatesTo(Baz) Closure baz) {
       ...
    }

But more importantly, if you have multiple closures and multiple arguments, you can use several targets:

    void fooBarBaz(
        @DelegatesTo.Target('foo') foo,
        @DelegatesTo.Target('bar') bar,
        @DelegatesTo.Target('baz') baz,

        @DelegatesTo(target='foo') Closure cl1,
        @DelegatesTo(target='bar') Closure cl2,
        @DelegatesTo(target='baz') Closure cl3) {
        cl1.rehydrate(foo, this, this).call()
        cl2.rehydrate(bar, this, this).call()
        cl3.rehydrate(baz, this, this).call()
    }

    def a = new Foo()
    def b = new Bar()
    def c = new Baz()
    fooBarBaz(
        a, b, c,
        { foo('Hello') },
        { bar(123) },
        { baz(new Date()) }
    )

| At this point, you may wonder why we don’t use the parameter names as references. The reason is that the information (the parameter name) is not always available (it’s a debug-only information), so it’s a limitation of the JVM.

#### 5.3.5. Delegating to a generic type

In some situations, it is interesting to instruct the IDE or the compiler that the delegate type will not be a parameter but a generic type. Imagine a configurator that runs on a list of elements:

    public <T> void configure(List<T> elements, Closure configuration) {
       elements.each { e->
          def clone = configuration.rehydrate(e, this, this)
          clone.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_FIRST
          clone.call()
       }
    }

Then this method can be called with any list like this:

    @groovy.transform.ToString
    class Realm {
       String name
    }
    List<Realm> list = []
    3.times { list << new Realm() }
    configure(list) {
       name = 'My Realm'
    }
    assert list.every { it.name == 'My Realm' }

To let the type checker and the IDE know that the `configure` method calls the closure on each element of the list, you need to use `@DelegatesTo` differently:

    public <T> void configure(
        @DelegatesTo.Target List<T> elements,
        @DelegatesTo(strategy=Closure.DELEGATE_FIRST, genericTypeIndex=0) Closure configuration) {
       def clone = configuration.rehydrate(e, this, this)
       clone.resolveStrategy = Closure.DELEGATE_FIRST
       clone.call()
    }

`@DelegatesTo` takes an optional `genericTypeIndex` argument that tells what is the index of the generic type that will be used as the delegate type. This must be used in conjunction with `@DelegatesTo.Target` and the index starts at 0. In the example above, that means that the delegate type is resolved against `List<T>`, and since the generic type at index 0 is `T` and inferred as a `Realm`, the type checker infers that the delegate type will be of type `Realm`.

| We’re using a `genericTypeIndex` instead of a placeholder (`T`) because of JVM limitations.

#### 5.3.6. Delegating to an arbitrary type

It is possible that none of the options above can represent the type you want to delegate to. For example, let’s define a mapper class which is parametrized with an object and defines a map method which returns an object of another type:

    class Mapper<T,U> {                             (1)
        final T value                               (2)
        Mapper(T value) { this.value = value }
        U map(Closure<U> producer) {                (3)
            producer.delegate = value
            producer()
        }
    }

1 | The mapper class takes two generic type arguments: the source type and the target type
2 | The source object is stored in a final field
3 | The `map` method asks to convert the source object to a target object

As you can see, the method signature from `map` does not give any information about what object will be manipulated by the closure. Reading the method body, we know that it will be the `value` which is of type `T`, but `T` is not found in the method signature, so we are facing a case where none of the available options for `@DelegatesTo` is suitable. For example, if we try to statically compile this code:

    def mapper = new Mapper<String,Integer>('Hello')
    assert mapper.map { length() } == 5

Then the compiler will fail with:

    Static type checking] - Cannot find matching method TestScript0#length()

In that case, you can use the `type` member of the `@DelegatesTo` annotation to reference `T` as a type token:

    class Mapper<T,U> {
        final T value
        Mapper(T value) { this.value = value }
        U map(@DelegatesTo(type="T") Closure<U> producer) {  (1)
            producer.delegate = value
            producer()
        }
    }

1 | The `@DelegatesTo` annotation references a generic type which is not found in the method signature

Note that you are not limited to generic type tokens. The `type` member can be used to represent complex types, such as `List<T>` or `Map<T,List<U>>`. The reason why you should use that in last resort is that the type is only checked when the type checker finds usage of `@DelegatesTo`, not when the annotated method itself is compiled. This means that type safety is only ensured at the call site. Additionally, compilation will be slower (though probably unnoticeable for most cases).

## 6. Compilation customizers

### 6.1. Introduction

Whether you are using `groovyc` to compile classes or a `GroovyShell`, for example, to execute scripts, under the hood, a compiler configuration is used. This configuration holds information like the source encoding or the classpath but it can also be used to perform more operations like adding imports by default, applying AST transformations transparently or disabling global AST transformations.

The goal of compilation customizers is to make those common tasks easy to implement. For that, the `CompilerConfiguration` class is the entry point. The general schema will always be based on the following code:

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.CompilerConfiguration
    // create a configuration
    def config = new CompilerConfiguration()
    // tweak the configuration
    config.addCompilationCustomizers(...)
    // run your script
    def shell = new GroovyShell(config)
    shell.evaluate(script)

Compilation customizers must extend the org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.CompilationCustomizer class. A customizer works:

- on a specific compilation phase

- on every class node being compiled

You can implement your own compilation customizer but Groovy includes some of the most common operations.

### 6.2. Import customizer

Using this compilation customizer, your code will have imports added transparently. This is in particular useful for scripts implementing a DSL where you want to avoid users from having to write imports. The import customizer will let you add all the variants of imports the Groovy language allows, that is:

- class imports, optionally aliased

- star imports

- static imports, optionally aliased

- static star imports

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ImportCustomizer

    def icz = new ImportCustomizer()
    // "normal" import
    icz.addImports('java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger', 'java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap')
    // "aliases" import
    icz.addImport('CHM', 'java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap')
    // "static" import
    icz.addStaticImport('java.lang.Math', 'PI') // import static java.lang.Math.PI
    // "aliased static" import
    icz.addStaticImport('pi', 'java.lang.Math', 'PI') // import static java.lang.Math.PI as pi
    // "star" import
    icz.addStarImports 'java.util.concurrent' // import java.util.concurrent.*
    // "static star" import
    icz.addStaticStars 'java.lang.Math' // import static java.lang.Math.*

A detailed description of all shortcuts can be found in org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ImportCustomizer

### 6.3. AST transformation customizer

The AST transformation customizer is meant to apply AST transformations transparently. Unlike global AST transformations that apply on every class being compiled as long as the transform is found on classpath (which has drawbacks like increasing the compilation time or side effects due to transformations applied where they should not), the customizer will allow you to selectively apply a transform only for specific scripts or classes.

As an example, let’s say you want to be able to use `@Log` in a script. The problem is that `@Log` is normally applied on a class node and a script, by definition, doesn’t require one. But implementation wise, scripts are classes, it’s just that you cannot annotate this implicit class node with `@Log`. Using the AST customizer, you have a workaround to do it:

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ASTTransformationCustomizer
    import groovy.util.logging.Log

    def acz = new ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log)
    config.addCompilationCustomizers(acz)

That’s all! Internally, the `@Log` AST transformation is applied to every class node in the compilation unit. This means that it will be applied to the script, but also to classes defined within the script.

If the AST transformation that you are using accepts parameters, you can use parameters in the constructor too:

    def acz = new ASTTransformationCustomizer(Log, value: 'LOGGER')
    // use name 'LOGGER' instead of the default 'log'
    config.addCompilationCustomizers(acz)

As the AST transformation customizers works with objects instead of AST nodes, not all values can be converted to AST transformation parameters. For example, primitive types are converted to `ConstantExpression` (that is `LOGGER` is converted to `new ConstantExpression('LOGGER')`, but if your AST transformation takes a closure as an argument, then you have to give it a `ClosureExpression`, like in the following example:

    def configuration = new CompilerConfiguration()
    def expression = new AstBuilder().buildFromCode(CompilePhase.CONVERSION) { -> true }.expression[0]
    def customizer = new ASTTransformationCustomizer(ConditionalInterrupt, value: expression, thrown: SecurityException)
    configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(customizer)
    def shell = new GroovyShell(configuration)
    shouldFail(SecurityException) {
        shell.evaluate("""
            // equivalent to adding @ConditionalInterrupt(value={true}, thrown: SecurityException)
            class MyClass {
                void doIt() { }
            }
            new MyClass().doIt()
        """)
    }

For a complete list of options, please refer to org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ASTTransformationCustomizer

### 6.4. Secure AST customizer

| Despite its name, this customizer is not a sandbox and not a security boundary. It secures the grammar not the execution - it is a best-effort restriction of the grammar available to a DSL, and nothing more. It cannot constrain what otherwise-permitted code does at runtime, its coverage of the source is deliberately partial (see Limitations below), and an author of the source being compiled can work around it. The Apache Groovy threat model treats it as a hardening aid rather than a security boundary: a demonstrated bypass is expected behaviour, not a vulnerability. If you must run partially-trusted scripts, layer real isolation outside the language — a separate process or JVM, an OS or container sandbox, least-privilege credentials, and network egress controls — and treat this customizer as one layer within that, never the perimeter.

This customizer will allow the developer of a DSL to restrict the grammar of the language, for example, to prevent users from using particular constructs. It is only ``secure'' in that one aspect, i.e. limiting the allowable constructs within a DSL. It does not replace a security manager which might additionally be needed as an orthogonal aspect of overall security. The only reason for it to exist is to limit the expressiveness of the language. This customizer only works at the AST (abstract syntax tree) level, not at runtime! It can be strange at first glance, but it makes much more sense if you think of Groovy as a platform to build DSLs. You may not want a user to have a complete language at hand. In the example below, we will demonstrate it using an example of language that only allows arithmetic operations, but this customizer allows you to:

- allow/disallow creation of closures

- allow/disallow imports

- allow/disallow package definition

- allow/disallow definition of methods

- restrict the receivers of method calls

- restrict the kind of AST expressions a user can use

- restrict the tokens (grammar-wise) a user can use

- restrict the types of the constants that can be used in code

For all those features, the secure AST customizer works using either an allowed list (list of elements that are permitted) or a disallowed list (list of elements that are not permitted). For each type of feature (imports, tokens, …) you have the choice to use either an allowed or disallowed list, but you can mix dis/allowed lists for distinct features. Typically, you will choose allowed lists (which permits only the constructs listed and disallows all others).

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer
    import static org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types.* (1)

    def scz = new SecureASTCustomizer()
    scz.with {
        closuresAllowed = false // user will not be able to write closures
        methodDefinitionAllowed = false // user will not be able to define methods
        allowedImports = [] // empty allowed list means imports are disallowed
        allowedStaticImports = [] // same for static imports
        allowedStaticStarImports = ['java.lang.Math'] // only java.lang.Math is allowed
        // the list of tokens the user can find
        // constants are defined in org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types
        allowedTokens = [ (1)
                PLUS,
                MINUS,
                MULTIPLY,
                DIVIDE,
                REMAINDER,
                POWER,
                PLUS_PLUS,
                MINUS_MINUS,
                COMPARE_EQUAL,
                COMPARE_NOT_EQUAL,
                COMPARE_LESS_THAN,
                COMPARE_LESS_THAN_EQUAL,
                COMPARE_GREATER_THAN,
                COMPARE_GREATER_THAN_EQUAL,
        ].asImmutable()
        // limit the types of constants that a user can define to number types only
        allowedConstantTypesClasses = [ (2)
                Integer,
                Float,
                Long,
                Double,
                BigDecimal,
                Integer.TYPE,
                Long.TYPE,
                Float.TYPE,
                Double.TYPE
        ].asImmutable()
        // method calls are only allowed if the receiver is of one of those types
        // be careful, it's not a runtime type!
        allowedReceiversClasses = [ (2)
                Math,
                Integer,
                Float,
                Double,
                Long,
                BigDecimal
        ].asImmutable()
    }

1 | use for token types from org.codehaus.groovy.syntax.Types
2 | you can use class literals here

If what the secure AST customizer provides out of the box isn’t enough for your needs, before creating your own compilation customizer, you might be interested in the expression and statement checkers that the AST customizer supports. Basically, it allows you to add custom checks on the AST tree, on expressions (expression checkers) or statements (statement checkers). For this, you must implement `org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.StatementChecker` or `org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.ExpressionChecker`.

Those interfaces define a single method called `isAuthorized`, returning a boolean, and taking a `Statement` (or `Expression`) as a parameter. It allows you to perform complex logic over expressions or statements to tell if a user is allowed to do it or not.

For example, there’s no predefined configuration flag in the customizer which will let you prevent people from using an attribute expression. Using a custom checker, it is trivial:

    def scz = new SecureASTCustomizer()
    def checker = { expr ->
        !(expr instanceof AttributeExpression)
    } as SecureASTCustomizer.ExpressionChecker
    scz.addExpressionCheckers(checker)

Then we can make sure that this works by evaluating a simple script:

    new GroovyShell(config).evaluate '''
        class A {
            int val
        }

        def a = new A(val: 123)
        a.@val (1)
    '''

1 | will fail compilation

Statements can be checked using org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.StatementChecker Expressions can be checked using org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SecureASTCustomizer.ExpressionChecker

#### 6.4.1. Limitations of the secure AST customizer

Coverage is partial by design, so it is worth knowing where the checks do and do not reach. The customizer visits the script statement block and method bodies. It does not visit the following, so restrictions such as `disallowedReceivers`, the statement and expression allow/disallow lists, and your own custom checkers do not apply to code appearing there:

- annotation members, including closure arguments to annotations

- constructor bodies — note also that a constructor is not a ``method definition'' as far as `methodDefinitionAllowed` is concerned

- static and instance initializer blocks

- field initializer expressions

Import restrictions apply to actual `import` statements, so they have no effect on a fully-qualified reference such as `new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(…​)`. The `indirectImportCheckEnabled` flag exists to catch some of those, but only within the code the customizer visits.

More fundamentally, compiling Groovy source is itself code execution, whether or not you subsequently run the result: global AST transforms found on the compile classpath, `@groovy.transform.ASTTest`, `@Grab` dependency resolution and static initializers all run during compilation, before and independently of any customizer you configure. Restricting the grammar of source that you nevertheless compile does not change this. When compiling source you do not fully trust, you should also set the `groovy.grape.enable` system property to `false`, keep the compile classpath under your control, and apply the out-of-language isolation described above.

### 6.5. Source aware customizer

This customizer may be used as a filter on other customizers. The filter, in that case, is the `org.codehaus.groovy.control.SourceUnit`. For this, the source aware customizer takes another customizer as a delegate, and it will apply customization of that delegate only and only if predicates on the source unit match.

`SourceUnit` gives you access to multiple things but in particular the file being compiled (if compiling from a file, of course). It gives you the potential to perform operation based on the file name, for example. Here is how you would create a source aware customizer:

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.SourceAwareCustomizer
    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ImportCustomizer

    def delegate = new ImportCustomizer()
    def sac = new SourceAwareCustomizer(delegate)

Then you can use predicates on the source aware customizer:

    // the customizer will only be applied to classes contained in a file name ending with 'Bean'
    sac.baseNameValidator = { baseName ->
        baseName.endsWith 'Bean'
    }

    // the customizer will only be applied to files which extension is '.spec'
    sac.extensionValidator = { ext -> ext == 'spec' }

    // source unit validation
    // allow compilation only if the file contains at most 1 class
    sac.sourceUnitValidator = { SourceUnit sourceUnit -> sourceUnit.AST.classes.size() == 1 }

    // class validation
    // the customizer will only be applied to classes ending with 'Bean'
    sac.classValidator = { ClassNode cn -> cn.endsWith('Bean') }

### 6.6. Customizer builder

If you are using compilation customizers in Groovy code (like the examples above) then you can use an alternative syntax to customize compilation. A builder (`org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.builder.CompilerCustomizationBuilder`) simplifies the creation of customizers using a hierarchical DSL.

    import org.codehaus.groovy.control.CompilerConfiguration
    import static org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.builder.CompilerCustomizationBuilder.withConfig (1)

    def conf = new CompilerConfiguration()
    withConfig(conf) {
        // ... (2)
    }

1 | static import of the builder method
2 | configuration goes here

The code sample above shows how to use the builder. A static method, withConfig, takes a closure corresponding to the builder code, and automatically registers compilation customizers to the configuration. Every compilation customizer available in the distribution can be configured this way:

#### 6.6.1. Import customizer

    withConfig(configuration) {
       imports { // imports customizer
          normal 'my.package.MyClass' // a normal import
          alias 'AI', 'java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger' // an aliased import
          star 'java.util.concurrent' // star imports
          staticMember 'java.lang.Math', 'PI' // static import
          staticMember 'pi', 'java.lang.Math', 'PI' // aliased static import
       }
    }

#### 6.6.2. AST transformation customizer

    withConfig(conf) {
       ast(Log) (1)
    }

    withConfig(conf) {
       ast(Log, value: 'LOGGER') (2)
    }

1 | apply @Log transparently
2 | apply @Log with a different name for the logger

#### 6.6.3. Secure AST customizer

    withConfig(conf) {
       secureAst {
           closuresAllowed = false
           methodDefinitionAllowed = false
       }
    }

#### 6.6.4. Source aware customizer

    withConfig(configuration){
        source(extension: 'sgroovy') {
            ast(CompileStatic) (1)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration){
        source(extensions: ['sgroovy','sg']) {
            ast(CompileStatic) (2)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration) {
        source(extensionValidator: { it.name in ['sgroovy','sg']}) {
            ast(CompileStatic) (2)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration) {
        source(basename: 'foo') {
            ast(CompileStatic) (3)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration) {
        source(basenames: ['foo', 'bar']) {
            ast(CompileStatic) (4)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration) {
        source(basenameValidator: { it in ['foo', 'bar'] }) {
            ast(CompileStatic) (4)
        }
    }

    withConfig(configuration) {
        source(unitValidator: { unit -> !unit.AST.classes.any { it.name == 'Baz' } }) {
            ast(CompileStatic) (5)
        }
    }

1 | apply CompileStatic AST annotation on .sgroovy files
2 | apply CompileStatic AST annotation on .sgroovy or .sg files
3 | apply CompileStatic AST annotation on files whose name is 'foo'
4 | apply CompileStatic AST annotation on files whose name is 'foo' or 'bar'
5 | apply CompileStatic AST annotation on files that do not contain a class named 'Baz'

#### 6.6.5. Inlining a customizer

Inlined customizer allows you to write a compilation customizer directly, without having to create a class for it.

    withConfig(configuration) {
        inline(phase:'CONVERSION') { source, context, classNode ->  (1)
            println "visiting $classNode"                           (2)
        }
    }

1 | define an inlined customizer which will execute at the CONVERSION phase
2 | prints the name of the class node being compiled

#### 6.6.6. Multiple customizers

Of course, the builder allows you to define multiple customizers at once:

    withConfig(configuration) {
       ast(ToString)
       ast(EqualsAndHashCode)
    }

### 6.7. The `configscript` commandline parameter

So far, we have described how you can customize compilation using a `CompilationConfiguration` class, but this is only possible if you embed Groovy and that you create your own instances of `CompilerConfiguration` (then use it to create a `GroovyShell`, `GroovyScriptEngine`, …).

If you want it to be applied on the classes you compile with the normal Groovy compiler (that is to say with `groovyc`, `ant` or `gradle`, for example), it is possible to use a commandline parameter named `configscript` that takes a Groovy configuration script as argument.

This script gives you access to the `CompilerConfiguration` instance before the files are compiled (exposed into the configuration script as a variable named `configuration`), so that you can tweak it.

It also transparently integrates the compiler configuration builder above. As an example, let’s see how you would activate static compilation by default on all classes.

#### 6.7.1. Configscript example: Static compilation by default

Normally, classes in Groovy are compiled with a dynamic runtime. You can activate static compilation by placing an annotation named `@CompileStatic` on any class. Some people would like to have this mode activated by default, that is to say not having to annotate (potentially many) classes. Using `configscript`, makes this possible. First of all, you need to create a file named `config.groovy` into say `src/conf` with the following contents:

    withConfig(configuration) { (1)
       ast(groovy.transform.CompileStatic)
    }

1 | configuration references a `CompilerConfiguration` instance

That is actually all you need. You don’t have to import the builder, it’s automatically exposed in the script. Then, compile your files using the following command line:

    groovyc -configscript src/conf/config.groovy src/main/groovy/MyClass.groovy

We strongly recommend you to separate configuration files from classes, hence why we suggest using the `src/main` and `src/conf` directories above.

#### 6.7.2. Configscript example: Setting system properties

In a configuration script you can also set system properties, e.g.:

    System.setProperty('spock.iKnowWhatImDoing.disableGroovyVersionCheck', 'true')

If you have numerous system properties to set, then using a configuration file will reduce the need to set a bunch of system properties with a long command line or appropriately defined environment variable. You can also share all the settings by simply sharing the config file.

### 6.8. AST transformations

If:

- runtime metaprogramming doesn’t allow you to do what you want

- you need to improve the performance of the execution of your DSLs

- you want to leverage the same syntax as Groovy but with different semantics

- you want to improve support for type checking in your DSLs

Then AST transformations are the way to go. Unlike the techniques used so far, AST transformations are meant to change or generate code before it is compiled to bytecode. AST transformations are capable of adding new methods at compile time for example, or totally changing the body of a method based on your needs. They are a very powerful tool but also come at the price of not being easy to write. For more information about AST transformations, please take a look at the compile-time metaprogramming section of this manual.

## 7. Custom type checking extensions

It may be interesting, in some circumstances, to provide feedback about wrong code to the user as soon as possible, that is to say when the DSL script is compiled, rather than having to wait for the execution of the script. However, this is not often possible with dynamic code. Groovy actually provides a practical answer to this known as type checking extensions.

## 8. Builders

Many tasks require building things and the builder pattern is one technique used by developers to make building things easier, especially building of structures which are hierarchical in nature. This pattern is so ubiquitous that Groovy has special built-in support. Firstly, there are many built-in builders. Secondly, there are classes which make it easier to write your own builders.

### 8.1. Existing builders

Groovy comes with many built-in builders. Let’s look at some of them.

#### 8.1.1. MarkupBuilder

See Creating Xml - MarkupBuilder.

#### 8.1.2. StreamingMarkupBuilder

See Creating Xml - StreamingMarkupBuilder.

#### 8.1.3. SaxBuilder

A builder for generating Simple API for XML (SAX) events.

If you have the following SAX handler:

    class LogHandler extends org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler {

        String log = ''

        void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName, org.xml.sax.Attributes attributes) {
            log += "Start Element: $localName, "
        }

        void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName) {
            log += "End Element: $localName, "
        }
    }

You can use `SaxBuilder` to generate SAX events for the handler like this:

    def handler = new LogHandler()
    def builder = new groovy.xml.SAXBuilder(handler)

    builder.root() {
        helloWorld()
    }

And then check that everything worked as expected:

    assert handler.log == 'Start Element: root, Start Element: helloWorld, End Element: helloWorld, End Element: root, '

#### 8.1.4. StaxBuilder

A Groovy builder that works with Streaming API for XML (StAX) processors.

Here is a simple example using the StAX implementation of Java to generate XML:

    def factory = javax.xml.stream.XMLOutputFactory.newInstance()
    def writer = new StringWriter()
    def builder = new groovy.xml.StaxBuilder(factory.createXMLStreamWriter(writer))

    builder.root(attribute:1) {
        elem1('hello')
        elem2('world')
    }

    assert writer.toString() == '<?xml version="1.0" ?><root attribute="1"><elem1>hello</elem1><elem2>world</elem2></root>'

An external library such as Jettison can be used as follows:

    @Grab('org.codehaus.jettison:jettison:1.3.3')
    @GrabExclude('stax:stax-api') // part of Java 6 and later
    import org.codehaus.jettison.mapped.*

    def writer = new StringWriter()
    def mappedWriter = new MappedXMLStreamWriter(new MappedNamespaceConvention(), writer)
    def builder = new groovy.xml.StaxBuilder(mappedWriter)

    builder.root(attribute:1) {
         elem1('hello')
         elem2('world')
    }

    assert writer.toString() == '{"root":{"@attribute":"1","elem1":"hello","elem2":"world"}}'

#### 8.1.5. DOMBuilder

A builder for parsing HTML, XHTML and XML into a W3C DOM tree.

For example this XML `String`:

    String recordsXML = '''
        <records>
          <car name='HSV Maloo' make='Holden' year='2006'>
            <country>Australia</country>
            <record type='speed'>Production Pickup Truck with speed of 271kph</record>
          </car>
          <car name='P50' make='Peel' year='1962'>
            <country>Isle of Man</country>
            <record type='size'>Smallest Street-Legal Car at 99cm wide and 59 kg in weight</record>
          </car>
          <car name='Royale' make='Bugatti' year='1931'>
            <country>France</country>
            <record type='price'>Most Valuable Car at $15 million</record>
          </car>
        </records>'''

Can be parsed into a DOM tree with a `DOMBuilder` like this:

    def reader = new StringReader(recordsXML)
    def doc = groovy.xml.DOMBuilder.parse(reader)

And then processed further e.g. by using DOMCategory:

    def records = doc.documentElement
    use(groovy.xml.dom.DOMCategory) {
        assert records.car.size() == 3
    }

#### 8.1.6. NodeBuilder

`NodeBuilder` is used for creating nested trees of groovy.util.Node objects for handling arbitrary data. To create a simple user list you use a `NodeBuilder` like this:

    def nodeBuilder = new NodeBuilder()
    def userlist = nodeBuilder.userlist {
        user(id: '1', firstname: 'John', lastname: 'Smith') {
            address(type: 'home', street: '1 Main St.', city: 'Springfield', state: 'MA', zip: '12345')
            address(type: 'work', street: '2 South St.', city: 'Boston', state: 'MA', zip: '98765')
        }
        user(id: '2', firstname: 'Alice', lastname: 'Doe')
    }

Now you can process the data further, e.g. by using GPath expressions:

    assert userlist.user.@firstname.join(', ') == 'John, Alice'
    assert userlist.user.find { it.@lastname == 'Smith' }.address.size() == 2

#### 8.1.7. JsonBuilder

Groovy’s `JsonBuilder` makes it easy to create Json. For example to create this Json string:

    String carRecords = '''
        {
            "records": {
            "car": {
                "name": "HSV Maloo",
                "make": "Holden",
                "year": 2006,
                "country": "Australia",
                "record": {
                  "type": "speed",
                  "description": "production pickup truck with speed of 271kph"
                }
              }
          }
        }
    '''

you can use a `JsonBuilder` like this:

    JsonBuilder builder = new JsonBuilder()
    builder.records {
      car {
            name 'HSV Maloo'
            make 'Holden'
            year 2006
            country 'Australia'
            record {
                type 'speed'
                description 'production pickup truck with speed of 271kph'
            }
      }
    }
    String json = JsonOutput.prettyPrint(builder.toString())

We use JsonUnit to check that the builder produced the expected result:

    JsonAssert.assertJsonEquals(json, carRecords)

If you need to customize the generated output you can pass a `JsonGenerator` instance when creating a `JsonBuilder`:

    import groovy.json.*

    def generator = new JsonGenerator.Options()
            .excludeNulls()
            .excludeFieldsByName('make', 'country', 'record')
            .excludeFieldsByType(Number)
            .addConverter(URL) { url -> "http://groovy-lang.org" }
            .build()

    JsonBuilder builder = new JsonBuilder(generator)
    builder.records {
      car {
            name 'HSV Maloo'
            make 'Holden'
            year 2006
            country 'Australia'
            homepage new URL('http://example.org')
            record {
                type 'speed'
                description 'production pickup truck with speed of 271kph'
            }
      }
    }

    assert builder.toString() == '{"records":{"car":{"name":"HSV Maloo","homepage":"http://groovy-lang.org"}}}'

#### 8.1.8. StreamingJsonBuilder

Unlike `JsonBuilder` which creates a data structure in memory, which is handy in those situations where you want to alter the structure programmatically before output, `StreamingJsonBuilder` directly streams to a writer without any intermediate memory data structure. If you do not need to modify the structure and want a more memory-efficient approach, use `StreamingJsonBuilder`.

The usage of `StreamingJsonBuilder` is similar to `JsonBuilder`. In order to create this Json string:

    String carRecords = """
        {
          "records": {
            "car": {
              "name": "HSV Maloo",
              "make": "Holden",
              "year": 2006,
              "country": "Australia",
              "record": {
                "type": "speed",
                "description": "production pickup truck with speed of 271kph"
              }
            }
          }
        }
    """

you use a `StreamingJsonBuilder` like this:

    StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()
    StreamingJsonBuilder builder = new StreamingJsonBuilder(writer)
    builder.records {
        car {
            name 'HSV Maloo'
            make 'Holden'
            year 2006
            country 'Australia'
            record {
                type 'speed'
                description 'production pickup truck with speed of 271kph'
            }
        }
    }
    String json = JsonOutput.prettyPrint(writer.toString())

We use JsonUnit to check the expected result:

    JsonAssert.assertJsonEquals(json, carRecords)

If you need to customize the generated output you can pass a `JsonGenerator` instance when creating a `StreamingJsonBuilder`:

    def generator = new JsonGenerator.Options()
            .excludeNulls()
            .excludeFieldsByName('make', 'country', 'record')
            .excludeFieldsByType(Number)
            .addConverter(URL) { url -> "http://groovy-lang.org" }
            .build()

    StringWriter writer = new StringWriter()
    StreamingJsonBuilder builder = new StreamingJsonBuilder(writer, generator)

    builder.records {
        car {
            name 'HSV Maloo'
            make 'Holden'
            year 2006
            country 'Australia'
            homepage new URL('http://example.org')
            record {
                type 'speed'
                description 'production pickup truck with speed of 271kph'
            }
        }
    }

    assert writer.toString() == '{"records":{"car":{"name":"HSV Maloo","homepage":"http://groovy-lang.org"}}}'

#### 8.1.9. SwingBuilder

`SwingBuilder` allows you to create full-fledged Swing GUIs in a declarative and concise fashion. It accomplishes this by employing a common idiom in Groovy, builders. Builders handle the busywork of creating complex objects for you, such as instantiating children, calling Swing methods, and attaching these children to their parents. As a consequence, your code is much more readable and maintainable, while still allowing you to access to the full range of Swing components.

Here’s a simple example of using `SwingBuilder`:

    import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder
    import java.awt.BorderLayout as BL

    count = 0
    new SwingBuilder().edt {
      frame(title: 'Frame', size: [250, 75], show: true) {
        borderLayout()
        textlabel = label(text: 'Click the button!', constraints: BL.NORTH)
        button(text:'Click Me',
             actionPerformed: {count++; textlabel.text = "Clicked ${count} time(s)."; println "clicked"}, constraints:BL.SOUTH)
      }
    }

Here is what it will look like:

This hierarchy of components would normally be created through a series of repetitive instantiations, setters, and finally attaching this child to its respective parent. Using `SwingBuilder`, however, allows you to define this hierarchy in its native form, which makes the interface design understandable simply by reading the code.

The flexibility shown here is made possible by leveraging the many programming features built-in to Groovy, such as closures, implicit constructor calling, import aliasing, and string interpolation. Of course, these do not have to be fully understood in order to use `SwingBuilder`; as you can see from the code above, their uses are intuitive.

Here is a slightly more involved example, with an example of `SwingBuilder` code re-use via a closure.

    import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder
    import javax.swing.*
    import java.awt.*

    def swing = new SwingBuilder()

    def sharedPanel = {
         swing.panel() {
            label("Shared Panel")
        }
    }

    count = 0
    swing.edt {
        frame(title: 'Frame', defaultCloseOperation: JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE, pack: true, show: true) {
            vbox {
                textlabel = label('Click the button!')
                button(
                    text: 'Click Me',
                    actionPerformed: {
                        count++
                        textlabel.text = "Clicked ${count} time(s)."
                        println "Clicked!"
                    }
                )
                widget(sharedPanel())
                widget(sharedPanel())
            }
        }
    }

Here’s another variation that relies on observable beans and binding:

    import groovy.swing.SwingBuilder
    import groovy.beans.Bindable

    class MyModel {
       @Bindable int count = 0
    }

    def model = new MyModel()
    new SwingBuilder().edt {
      frame(title: 'Java Frame', size: [100, 100], locationRelativeTo: null, show: true) {
        gridLayout(cols: 1, rows: 2)
        label(text: bind(source: model, sourceProperty: 'count', converter: { v ->  v? "Clicked $v times": ''}))
        button('Click me!', actionPerformed: { model.count++ })
      }
    }

@Bindable is one of the core AST Transformations. It generates all the required boilerplate code to turn a simple bean into an observable one. The `bind()` node creates appropriate `PropertyChangeListeners` that will update the interested parties whenever a `PropertyChangeEvent` is fired.

#### 8.1.10. AntBuilder

| Here we describe `AntBuilder` which lets you write Ant build scripts in Groovy rather than XML. You may also be interested in using Groovy from Ant using the Groovy Ant task.

Despite being primarily a build tool, Apache Ant is a very practical tool for manipulating files including zip files, copy, resource processing, and more. But if ever you’ve been working with a `build.xml` file or some Jelly script and found yourself a little restricted by all those pointy brackets, or found it a bit weird using XML as a scripting language and wanted something a little cleaner and more straight forward, then maybe Ant scripting with Groovy might be what you’re after.

Groovy has a helper class called `AntBuilder` which makes the scripting of Ant tasks really easy; allowing a real scripting language to be used for programming constructs (variables, methods, loops, logical branching, classes etc). It still looks like a neat concise version of Ant’s XML without all those pointy brackets; though you can mix and match this markup inside your script. Ant itself is a collection of jar files. By adding them to your classpath, you can easily use them within Groovy as is. We believe using `AntBuilder` leads to more concise and readily understood syntax.

`AntBuilder` exposes Ant tasks directly using the convenient builder notation that we are used to in Groovy. Here is the most basic example, which is printing a message on the standard output:

    def ant = new groovy.ant.AntBuilder()          (1)
    ant.echo('hello from Ant!')         (2)

1 | creates an instance of `AntBuilder`
2 | executes the `echo` task with the message in parameter

Imagine that you need to create a ZIP file. It can be as simple as:

    def ant = new AntBuilder()
    ant.zip(destfile: 'sources.zip', basedir: 'src')

In the next example, we demonstrate the use of `AntBuilder` to copy a list of files using a classical Ant pattern directly in Groovy:

    // let's just call one task
    ant.echo("hello")

    // here is an example of a block of Ant inside GroovyMarkup
    ant.sequential {
        echo("inside sequential")
        def myDir = "build/AntTest/"
        mkdir(dir: myDir)
        copy(todir: myDir) {
            fileset(dir: "src/test") {
                include(name: "**/*.groovy")
            }
        }
        echo("done")
    }

    // now let's do some normal Groovy again
    def file = new File(ant.project.baseDir,"build/AntTest/some/pkg/MyTest.groovy")
    assert file.exists()

Another example would be iterating over a list of files matching a specific pattern:

    // let's create a scanner of filesets
    def scanner = ant.fileScanner {
        fileset(dir:"src/test") {
            include(name:"**/My*.groovy")
        }
    }

    // now let's iterate over
    def found = false
    for (f in scanner) {
        println("Found file $f")
        found = true
        assert f instanceof File
        assert f.name.endsWith(".groovy")
    }
    assert found

Or executing a JUnit test:

    ant.junit {
        classpath { pathelement(path: '.') }
        test(name:'some.pkg.MyTest')
    }

We can even go further by compiling and executing a Java file directly from Groovy:

    ant.echo(file:'Temp.java', '''
        class Temp {
            public static void main(String[] args) {
                System.out.println("Hello");
            }
        }
    ''')
    ant.javac(srcdir:'.', includes:'Temp.java', fork:'true')
    ant.java(classpath:'.', classname:'Temp', fork:'true')
    ant.echo('Done')

It is worth mentioning that `AntBuilder` is included in Gradle, so you can use it in Gradle just like you would in Groovy. Additional documentation can be found in the Gradle manual.

#### 8.1.11. CliBuilder

`CliBuilder` provides a compact way to specify the available options for a commandline application and then automatically parse the application’s commandline parameters according to that specification. By convention, a distinction is made between option commandline parameters and any remaining parameters which are passed to an application as its arguments. Typically, several types of options might be supported such as `-V` or `--tabsize=4`. `CliBuilder` removes the burden of developing lots of code for commandline processing. Instead, it supports a somewhat declarative approach to declaring your options and then provides a single call to parse the commandline parameters with a simple mechanism to interrogate the options (you can think of this as a simple model for your options).

Even though the details of each commandline you create could be quite different, the same main steps are followed each time. First, a `CliBuilder` instance is created. Then, allowed commandline options are defined. This can be done using a dynamic api style or an annotation style. The commandline parameters are then parsed according to the options specification resulting in a collection of options which are then interrogated.

Here is a simple example `Greeter.groovy` script illustrating usage:

    // import of CliBuilder not shown                          (1)
    // specify parameters
    def cli = new CliBuilder(usage: 'groovy Greeter [option]') (2)
    cli.a(longOpt: 'audience', args: 1, 'greeting audience')   (3)
    cli.h(longOpt: 'help', 'display usage')                    (4)

    // parse and process parameters
    def options = cli.parse(args)                              (5)
    if (options.h) cli.usage()                                 (6)
    else println "Hello ${options.a ? options.a : 'World'}"    (7)

1 | Earlier versions of Groovy had a CliBuilder in the `groovy.util` package and no import was necessary. In Groovy 2.5, this approach became deprecated: applications should instead choose the `groovy.cli.picocli` or `groovy.cli.commons` version. The groovy.util version in Groovy 2.5 points to the commons-cli version for backwards compatibility but has been removed in Groovy 3.0.
2 | define a new `CliBuilder` instance specifying an optional usage string
3 | specify a `-a` option taking a single argument with an optional long variant `--audience`
4 | specify a `-h` option taking no arguments with an optional long variant `--help`
5 | parse the commandline parameters supplied to the script
6 | if the `h` option is found display a usage message
7 | display a standard greeting or, if the `a` option is found, a customized greeting

Running this script with no commandline parameters, i.e.:

    > groovy Greeter

results in the following output:

    Hello World

Running this script with `-h` as the single commandline parameter, i.e.:

    > groovy Greeter -h

results in the following output:

    usage: groovy Greeter [option]
     -a,--audience <arg>   greeting audience
     -h,--help             display usage

Running this script with `--audience Groovologist` as the commandline parameters, i.e.:

    > groovy Greeter --audience Groovologist

results in the following output:

    Hello Groovologist

When creating the `CliBuilder` instance in the above example, we set the optional `usage` property within the constructor call. This follows Groovy’s normal ability to set additional properties of the instance during construction. There are numerous other properties which can be set such as `header` and `footer`. For the complete set of available properties, see the available properties for the groovy.util.CliBuilder class.

When defining an allowed commandline option, both a short name (e.g. "h" for the `help` option shown previously) and a short description (e.g. "display usage" for the `help` option) must be supplied. In our example above, we also set some additional properties such as `longOpt` and `args`. The following additional properties are supported when specifying an allowed commandline option:

Name | Description | Type
--- | --- | ---
argName | the name of the argument for this option used in output | `String`
longOpt | the long representation or long name of the option | `String`
args | the number of argument values | `int` or `String` (1)
optionalArg | whether the argument value is optional | `boolean`
required | whether the option is mandatory | `boolean`
type | the type of this option | `Class`
valueSeparator | the character that is the value separator | `char` (2)
defaultValue | a default value | `String`
convert | converts the incoming String to the required type | `Closure` (1)

(1) More details later
(2) Single character Strings are coerced to chars in special cases in Groovy

If you have an option with only a `longOpt` variant, you can use the special shortname of '_' to specify the option, e.g. : `cli._(longOpt: 'verbose', 'enable verbose logging')`. Some of the remaining named parameters should be fairly self-explanatory while others deserve a bit more explanation. But before further explanations, let’s look at ways of using `CliBuilder` with annotations.

##### Using Annotations and an interface

Rather than making a series of method calls (albeit in a very declarative mini-DSL form) to specify the allowable options, you can provide an interface specification of the allowable options where annotations are used to indicate and provide details for those options and for how unprocessed parameters are handled. Two annotations are used: groovy.cli.Option and groovy.cli.Unparsed.

Here is how such a specification can be defined:

    interface GreeterI {
        @Option(shortName='h', description='display usage') Boolean help()        (1)
        @Option(shortName='a', description='greeting audience') String audience() (2)
        @Unparsed(description = "positional parameters") List remaining()         (3)
    }

1 | Specify a Boolean option set using `-h` or `--help`
2 | Specify a String option set using `-a` or `--audience`
3 | Specify where any remaining parameters will be stored

Note how the long name is automatically determined from the interface method name. You can use the `longName` annotation attribute to override that behavior and specify a custom long name if you wish or use a longName of '_' to indicate that no long name is to be provided. You will need to specify a shortName in such a case.

Here is how you could use the interface specification:

    // import CliBuilder not shown
    def cli = new CliBuilder(usage: 'groovy Greeter')  (1)
    def argz = '--audience Groovologist'.split()
    def options = cli.parseFromSpec(GreeterI, argz)             (2)
    assert options.audience() == 'Groovologist'                 (3)

    argz = '-h Some Other Args'.split()
    options = cli.parseFromSpec(GreeterI, argz)                 (4)
    assert options.help()
    assert options.remaining() == ['Some', 'Other', 'Args']     (5)

1 | Create a `CliBuilder` instance as before with optional properties
2 | Parse parameters using the interface specification
3 | Interrogate options using the methods from the interface
4 | Parse a different set of parameters
5 | Interrogate the remaining parameters

When `parseFromSpec` is called, `CliBuilder` automatically creates an instance implementing the interface and populates it. You simply call the interface methods to interrogate the option values.

##### Using Annotations and an instance

Alternatively, perhaps you already have a domain class containing the option information. You can simply annotate properties or setters from that class to enable `CliBuilder` to appropriately populate your domain object. Each annotation both describes that option’s properties through the annotation attributes and indicates the setter the `CliBuilder` will use to populate that option in your domain object.

Here is how such a specification can be defined:

    class GreeterC {
        @Option(shortName='h', description='display usage')
        Boolean help                        (1)

        private String audience
        @Option(shortName='a', description='greeting audience')
        void setAudience(String audience) { (2)
            this.audience = audience
        }
        String getAudience() { audience }

        @Unparsed(description = "positional parameters")
        List remaining                      (3)
    }

1 | Indicate that a Boolean property is an option
2 | Indicate that a String property (with explicit setter) is an option
3 | Specify where any remaining args will be stored

And here is how you could use the specification:

    // import CliBuilder not shown
    def cli = new CliBuilder(usage: 'groovy Greeter [option]') (1)
    def options = new GreeterC()                               (2)
    def argz = '--audience Groovologist foo'.split()
    cli.parseFromInstance(options, argz)                       (3)
    assert options.audience == 'Groovologist'                  (4)
    assert options.remaining == ['foo']                        (5)

1 | Create a `CliBuilder` instance as before with optional parameters
2 | Create an instance for `CliBuilder` to populate
3 | Parse arguments populating the supplied instance
4 | Interrogate the String option property
5 | Interrogate the remaining arguments property

When `parseFromInstance` is called, `CliBuilder` automatically populates your instance. You simply interrogate the instance properties (or whatever accessor methods you have provided in your domain object) to access the option values.

##### Using Annotations and a script

Finally, there are two additional convenience annotation aliases specifically for scripts. They simply combine the previously mentioned annotations and groovy.transform.Field. The groovydoc for those annotations reveals the details: groovy.cli.OptionField and groovy.cli.UnparsedField.

Here is an example using those annotations in a self-contained script that would be called with the same arguments as shown for the instance example earlier:

    // import CliBuilder not shown
    import groovy.cli.OptionField
    import groovy.cli.UnparsedField

    @OptionField String audience
    @OptionField Boolean help
    @UnparsedField List remaining
    new CliBuilder().parseFromInstance(this, args)
    assert audience == 'Groovologist'
    assert remaining == ['foo']

##### Options with arguments

We saw in our initial example that some options act like flags, e.g. `Greeter -h` but others take an argument, e.g. `Greeter --audience Groovologist`. The simplest cases involve options which act like flags or have a single (potentially optional) argument. Here is an example involving those cases:

    // import CliBuilder not shown
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.a(args: 0, 'a arg') (1)
    cli.b(args: 1, 'b arg') (2)
    cli.c(args: 1, optionalArg: true, 'c arg') (3)
    def options = cli.parse('-a -b foo -c bar baz'.split()) (4)

    assert options.a == true
    assert options.b == 'foo'
    assert options.c == 'bar'
    assert options.arguments() == ['baz']

    options = cli.parse('-a -c -b foo bar baz'.split()) (5)

    assert options.a == true
    assert options.c == true
    assert options.b == 'foo'
    assert options.arguments() == ['bar', 'baz']

1 | An option that is simply a flag - the default; setting args to 0 is allowed but not needed.
2 | An option with exactly one argument
3 | An option with an optional argument; it acts like a flag if the option is left out
4 | An example using this spec where an argument is supplied to the 'c' option
5 | An example using this spec where no argument is supplied to the 'c' option; it’s just a flag

Note: when an option with an optional argument is encountered, it will (somewhat) greedily consume the next parameter from the supplied commandline parameters. If however, the next parameter matches a known long or short option (with leading single or double hyphens), that will take precedence, e.g. `-b` in the above example.

Option arguments may also be specified using the annotation style. Here is an interface option specification illustrating such a definition:

    interface WithArgsI {
        @Option boolean a()
        @Option String b()
        @Option(optionalArg=true) String[] c()
        @Unparsed List remaining()
    }

And here is how it is used:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    def options = cli.parseFromSpec(WithArgsI, '-a -b foo -c bar baz'.split())
    assert options.a()
    assert options.b() == 'foo'
    assert options.c() == ['bar']
    assert options.remaining() == ['baz']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(WithArgsI, '-a -c -b foo bar baz'.split())
    assert options.a()
    assert options.c() == []
    assert options.b() == 'foo'
    assert options.remaining() == ['bar', 'baz']

This example makes use of an array-typed option specification. We cover this in more detail shortly when we discuss multiple arguments.

##### Specifying a type

Arguments on the commandline are by nature Strings (or arguably can be considered Booleans for flags) but can be converted to richer types automatically by supplying additional typing information. For the annotation-based argument definition style, these types are supplied using the field types for annotation properties or return types of annotated methods (or the setter argument type for setter methods). For the dynamic method style of argument definition a special 'type' property is supported which allows you to specify a Class name.

When an explicit type is defined, the `args` named-parameter is assumed to be 1 (except for Boolean-typed options where it is 0 by default). An explicit `args` parameter can still be provided if needed. Here is an example using types with the dynamic api argument definition style:

    def argz = '''-a John -b -d 21 -e 1980 -f 3.5 -g 3.14159
        -h cv.txt -i DOWN and some more'''.split()
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.a(type: String, 'a-arg')
    cli.b(type: boolean, 'b-arg')
    cli.c(type: Boolean, 'c-arg')
    cli.d(type: int, 'd-arg')
    cli.e(type: Long, 'e-arg')
    cli.f(type: Float, 'f-arg')
    cli.g(type: BigDecimal, 'g-arg')
    cli.h(type: File, 'h-arg')
    cli.i(type: RoundingMode, 'i-arg')
    def options = cli.parse(argz)
    assert options.a == 'John'
    assert options.b
    assert !options.c
    assert options.d == 21
    assert options.e == 1980L
    assert options.f == 3.5f
    assert options.g == 3.14159
    assert options.h == new File('cv.txt')
    assert options.i == RoundingMode.DOWN
    assert options.arguments() == ['and', 'some', 'more']

Primitives, numeric types, files, enums and arrays thereof, are supported (they are converted using org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.StringGroovyMethods#asType).

##### Custom parsing of the argument String

If the supported types aren’t sufficient, you can supply a closure to handle the String to rich type conversion for you. Here is a sample using the dynamic api style:

    def argz = '''-a John -b Mary -d 2016-01-01 and some more'''.split()
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    def lower = { it.toLowerCase() }
    cli.a(convert: lower, 'a-arg')
    cli.b(convert: { it.toUpperCase() }, 'b-arg')
    cli.d(convert: { Date.parse('yyyy-MM-dd', it) }, 'd-arg')
    def options = cli.parse(argz)
    assert options.a == 'john'
    assert options.b == 'MARY'
    assert options.d.format('dd-MM-yyyy') == '01-01-2016'
    assert options.arguments() == ['and', 'some', 'more']

Alternatively, you can use the annotation style by supplying the conversion closure as an annotation parameter. Here is an example specification:

    interface WithConvertI {
        @Option(convert={ it.toLowerCase() }) String a()
        @Option(convert={ it.toUpperCase() }) String b()
        @Option(convert={ Date.parse("yyyy-MM-dd", it) }) Date d()
        @Unparsed List remaining()
    }

And an example using that specification:

    Date newYears = Date.parse("yyyy-MM-dd", "2016-01-01")
    def argz = '''-a John -b Mary -d 2016-01-01 and some more'''.split()
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    def options = cli.parseFromSpec(WithConvertI, argz)
    assert options.a() == 'john'
    assert options.b() == 'MARY'
    assert options.d() == newYears
    assert options.remaining() == ['and', 'some', 'more']

##### Options with multiple arguments

Multiple arguments are also supported using an `args` value greater than 1. There is a special named parameter, `valueSeparator`, which can also be optionally used when processing multiple arguments. It allows some additional flexibility in the syntax supported when supplying such argument lists on the commandline. For example, supplying a value separator of ',' allows a comma-delimited list of values to be passed on the commandline.

The `args` value is normally an integer. It can be optionally supplied as a String. There are two special String symbols: `` and `\*`. The `*` value means 0 or more. The `` value means 1 or more. The `*` value is the same as using `+` and also setting the `optionalArg` value to true.

Accessing the multiple arguments follows a special convention. Simply add an 's' to the normal property you would use to access the argument option and you will retrieve all the supplied arguments as a list. So, for a short option named 'a', you access the first 'a' argument using `options.a` and the list of all arguments using `options.as`. It’s fine to have a shortname or longname ending in 's' so long as you don’t also have the singular variant without the 's'. So, if `name` is one of your options with multiple arguments and `guess` is another with a single argument, there will be no confusion using `options.names` and `options.guess`.

Here is an excerpt highlighting the use of multiple arguments:

    // import CliBuilder not shown
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.a(args: 2, 'a-arg')
    cli.b(args: '2', valueSeparator: ',', 'b-arg') (1)
    cli.c(args: '+', valueSeparator: ',', 'c-arg') (2)

    def options = cli.parse('-a 1 2 3 4'.split()) (3)
    assert options.a == '1' (4)
    assert options.as == ['1', '2'] (5)
    assert options.arguments() == ['3', '4']

    options = cli.parse('-a1 -a2 3'.split()) (6)
    assert options.as == ['1', '2']
    assert options.arguments() == ['3']

    options = cli.parse(['-b1,2']) (7)
    assert options.bs == ['1', '2']

    options = cli.parse(['-c', '1'])
    assert options.cs == ['1']

    options = cli.parse(['-c1'])
    assert options.cs == ['1']

    options = cli.parse(['-c1,2,3'])
    assert options.cs == ['1', '2', '3']

1 | Args value supplied as a String and comma value separator specified
2 | One or more arguments are allowed
3 | Two commandline parameters will be supplied as the 'b' option’s list of arguments
4 | Access the 'a' option’s first argument
5 | Access the 'a' option’s list of arguments
6 | An alternative syntax for specifying two arguments for the 'a' option
7 | The arguments to the 'b' option supplied as a comma-separated value

As an alternative to accessing multiple arguments using the plural name approach, you can use an array-based type for the option. In this case, all options will always be returned via the array which is accessed via the normal singular name. We’ll see an example of this next when discussing types.

Multiple arguments are also supported using the annotation style of option definition by using an array type for the annotated class member (method or property) as this example shows:

    interface ValSepI {
        @Option(numberOfArguments=2) String[] a()
        @Option(numberOfArgumentsString='2', valueSeparator=',') String[] b()
        @Option(numberOfArgumentsString='+', valueSeparator=',') String[] c()
        @Unparsed remaining()
    }

And used as follows:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()

    def options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, '-a 1 2 3 4'.split())
    assert options.a() == ['1', '2']
    assert options.remaining() == ['3', '4']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, '-a1 -a2 3'.split())
    assert options.a() == ['1', '2']
    assert options.remaining() == ['3']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, ['-b1,2'] as String[])
    assert options.b() == ['1', '2']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, ['-c', '1'] as String[])
    assert options.c() == ['1']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, ['-c1'] as String[])
    assert options.c() == ['1']

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(ValSepI, ['-c1,2,3'] as String[])
    assert options.c() == ['1', '2', '3']

##### Types and multiple arguments

Here is an example using types and multiple arguments with the dynamic api argument definition style:

    def argz = '''-j 3 4 5 -k1.5,2.5,3.5 and some more'''.split()
    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.j(args: 3, type: int[], 'j-arg')
    cli.k(args: '+', valueSeparator: ',', type: BigDecimal[], 'k-arg')
    def options = cli.parse(argz)
    assert options.js == [3, 4, 5] (1)
    assert options.j == [3, 4, 5]  (1)
    assert options.k == [1.5, 2.5, 3.5]
    assert options.arguments() == ['and', 'some', 'more']

1 | For an array type, the trailing 's' can be used but isn’t needed

##### Setting a default value

Groovy makes it easy using the Elvis operator to provide a default value at the point of usage of some variable, e.g. `String x = someVariable ?: 'some default'`. But sometimes you wish to make such a default part of the options specification to minimise the interrogators work in later stages. `CliBuilder` supports the `defaultValue` property to cater for this scenario.

Here is how you could use it using the dynamic api style:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.f longOpt: 'from', type: String, args: 1, defaultValue: 'one', 'f option'
    cli.t longOpt: 'to', type: int, defaultValue: '35', 't option'

    def options = cli.parse('-f two'.split())
    assert options.hasOption('f')
    assert options.f == 'two'
    assert !options.hasOption('t')
    assert options.t == 35

    options = cli.parse('-t 45'.split())
    assert !options.hasOption('from')
    assert options.from == 'one'
    assert options.hasOption('to')
    assert options.to == 45

Similarly, you might want such a specification using the annotation style. Here is an example using an interface specification:

    interface WithDefaultValueI {
        @Option(shortName='f', defaultValue='one') String from()
        @Option(shortName='t', defaultValue='35') int to()
    }

Which would be used like this:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()

    def options = cli.parseFromSpec(WithDefaultValueI, '-f two'.split())
    assert options.from() == 'two'
    assert options.to() == 35

    options = cli.parseFromSpec(WithDefaultValueI, '-t 45'.split())
    assert options.from() == 'one'
    assert options.to() == 45

You can also use the `defaultValue` annotation attribute when using annotations with an instance, though it’s probably just as easy to provide an initial value for the property (or backing field).

##### Use with `TypeChecked`

The dynamic api style of using `CliBuilder` is inherently dynamic but you have a few options should you want to make use of Groovy’s static type checking capabilities. Firstly, consider using the annotation style, for example, here is an interface option specification:

    interface TypeCheckedI{
        @Option String name()
        @Option int age()
        @Unparsed List remaining()
    }

And it can be used in combination with `@TypeChecked` as shown here:

    @TypeChecked
    void testTypeCheckedInterface() {
        def argz = "--name John --age 21 and some more".split()
        def cli = new CliBuilder()
        def options = cli.parseFromSpec(TypeCheckedI, argz)
        String n = options.name()
        int a = options.age()
        assert n == 'John' && a == 21
        assert options.remaining() == ['and', 'some', 'more']
    }

Secondly, there is a feature of the dynamic api style which offers some support. The definition statements are inherently dynamic but actually return a value which we have ignored in earlier examples. The returned value is in fact a `TypedOption<Type>` and special `getAt` support allows the options to be interrogated using the typed option, e.g. `options[savedTypeOption]`. So, if you have statements similar to these in a non type checked part of your code:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    TypedOption<Integer> age = cli.a(longOpt: 'age', type: Integer, 'some age option')

Then, the following statements can be in a separate part of your code which is type checked:

    def args = '--age 21'.split()
    def options = cli.parse(args)
    int a = options[age]
    assert a == 21

Finally, there is one additional convenience method offered by `CliBuilder` to even allow the definition part to be type checked. It is a slightly more verbose method call. Instead of using the short name (the opt name) in the method call, you use a fixed name of `option` and supply the `opt` value as a property. You must also specify the type directly as shown in the following example:

    import groovy.cli.TypedOption
    import groovy.transform.TypeChecked

    @TypeChecked
    void testTypeChecked() {
        def cli = new CliBuilder()
        TypedOption<String> name = cli.option(String, opt: 'n', longOpt: 'name', 'name option')
        TypedOption<Integer> age = cli.option(Integer, longOpt: 'age', 'age option')
        def argz = "--name John --age 21 and some more".split()
        def options = cli.parse(argz)
        String n = options[name]
        int a = options[age]
        assert n == 'John' && a == 21
        assert options.arguments() == ['and', 'some', 'more']
    }

##### Advanced CLI Usage

| NOTE Advanced CLI features `CliBuilder` can be thought of as a Groovy friendly wrapper on top of either picocli or Apache Commons CLI. If there is a feature not provided by `CliBuilder` that you know is supported in the underlying library, the current `CliBuilder` implementation (and various Groovy language features) make it easy for you to call the underlying library methods directly. Doing so is a pragmatic way to leverage the Groovy-friendly syntax offered by `CliBuilder` and yet still access some of the underlying library’s advanced features. A word of caution however; future versions of `CliBuilder` could potentially use another underlying library and in that event, some porting work may be required for your Groovy classes and/or scripts.

###### Apache Commons CLI

As an example, here is some code for making use of Apache Commons CLI’s grouping mechanism:

    import org.apache.commons.cli.*

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.f longOpt: 'from', 'f option'
    cli.u longOpt: 'until', 'u option'
    def optionGroup = new OptionGroup()
    optionGroup.with {
      addOption cli.option('o', [longOpt: 'output'], 'o option')
      addOption cli.option('d', [longOpt: 'directory'], 'd option')
    }
    cli.options.addOptionGroup optionGroup
    assert !cli.parse('-d -o'.split()) (1)

1 | The parse will fail since only one option from a group can be used at a time.

###### Picocli

Below are some features available in the picocli version of `CliBuilder`.

New property: errorWriter

When users of your application give invalid command line arguments, CliBuilder writes an error message and the usage help message to the `stderr` output stream. It doesn’t use the `stdout` stream to prevent the error message from being parsed when your program’s output is used as input for another process. You can customize the destination by setting the `errorWriter` to a different value.

On the other hand, `CliBuilder.usage()` prints the usage help message to the `stdout` stream. This way, when users request help (e.g. with a `--help` parameter), they can pipe the output to a utility like `less` or `grep`.

You can specify different writers for testing. Be aware that for backwards compatibility, setting the `writer` property to a different value will set both the `writer` and the `errorWriter` to the specified writer.

ANSI colors

The picocli version of CliBuilder renders the usage help message in ANSI colors on supported platforms automatically. If desired you can customize this. (An example follows below.)

New property: name

As before, you can set the synopsis of the usage help message with the `usage` property. You may be interested in a small improvement: if you only set the command `name`, a synopsis will be generated automatically, with repeating elements followed by `…​` and optional elements surrounded with `[` and `]`. (An example follows below.)

New property: usageMessage

This property exposes a `UsageMessageSpec` object from the underlying picocli library, which gives fine-grained control over various sections of the usage help message. For example:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.name = "myapp"
    cli.usageMessage.with {
        headerHeading("@|bold,underline Header heading:|@%n")
        header("Header 1", "Header 2")                     // before the synopsis
        synopsisHeading("%n@|bold,underline Usage:|@ ")
        descriptionHeading("%n@|bold,underline Description heading:|@%n")
        description("Description 1", "Description 2")      // after the synopsis
        optionListHeading("%n@|bold,underline Options heading:|@%n")
        footerHeading("%n@|bold,underline Footer heading:|@%n")
        footer("Footer 1", "Footer 2")
    }
    cli.a('option a description')
    cli.b('option b description')
    cli.c(args: '*', 'option c description')
    cli.usage()

Gives this output:

Property: parser

The `parser` property gives access to the picocli `ParserSpec` object that can be used to customize the parser behavior.

This can be useful when the `CliBuilder` options to control the parser are not fine-grained enough. For example, for backward compatibility with the Commons CLI implementation of `CliBuilder`, by default `CliBuilder` stops looking for options when an unknown option is encountered, and subsequent command line arguments are treated as positional parameters. `CliBuilder` provides a `stopAtNonOption` property, and by setting this to `false` you can make the parser more strict, so an unknown option results in `error: Unknown option: '-x'`.

But what if you want to treat unknown options as positional parameters, and still process subsequent command line arguments as options?

This can be accomplished with the `parser` property. For example:

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.parser.stopAtPositional(false)
    cli.parser.unmatchedOptionsArePositionalParams(true)
    // ...
    def opts = cli.parse(args)
    // ...

See the documentation for details.

Map options

Finally, if your application has options that are key-value pairs, you may be interested in picocli’s support for maps. For example:

    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
    import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.DAYS
    import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.HOURS

    def cli = new CliBuilder()
    cli.D(args: 2,   valueSeparator: '=', 'the old way')                          (1)
    cli.X(type: Map, 'the new way')                                               (2)
    cli.Z(type: Map, auxiliaryTypes: [TimeUnit, Integer].toArray(), 'typed map')  (3)

    def options = cli.parse('-Da=b -Dc=d -Xx=y -Xi=j -ZDAYS=2 -ZHOURS=23'.split())(4)
    assert options.Ds == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']                                     (5)
    assert options.Xs == [ 'x':'y', 'i':'j' ]                                     (6)
    assert options.Zs == [ (DAYS as TimeUnit):2, (HOURS as TimeUnit):23 ]         (7)

1 | Previously, `key=value` pairs were split up into parts and added to a list
2 | Picocli map support: simply specify `Map` as the type of the option
3 | You can even specify the type of the map elements
4 | To compare, let’s specify two key-value pairs for each option
5 | Previously, all key-value pairs end up in a list and it is up to the application to work with this list
6 | Picocli returns the key-value pairs as a `Map`
7 | Both keys and values of the map can be strongly typed

Controlling the Picocli version

To use a specific version of picocli, add a dependency to that version in your build configuration. If running scripts using a pre-installed version of Groovy, use the `@Grab` annotation to control the version of picocli to use in `CliBuilder`.

    @GrabConfig(systemClassLoader=true)
    @Grab('info.picocli:picocli:4.2.0')
    import groovy.cli.picocli.CliBuilder

    def cli = new CliBuilder()

#### 8.1.12. ObjectGraphBuilder

`ObjectGraphBuilder` is a builder for an arbitrary graph of beans that follow the JavaBean convention. It is in particular useful for creating test data.

Let’s start with a list of classes that belong to your domain:

    package com.acme

    class Company {
        String name
        Address address
        List employees = []
    }

    class Address {
        String line1
        String line2
        int zip
        String state
    }

    class Employee {
        String name
        int employeeId
        Address address
        Company company
    }

Then using `ObjectGraphBuilder` building a `Company` with three employees is as easy as:

    def builder = new ObjectGraphBuilder()                          (1)
    builder.classLoader = this.class.classLoader                    (2)
    builder.classNameResolver = "com.acme"                          (3)

    def acme = builder.company(name: 'ACME') {                      (4)
        3.times {
            employee(id: it.toString(), name: "Drone $it") {        (5)
                address(line1:"Post street")                        (6)
            }
        }
    }

    assert acme != null
    assert acme instanceof Company
    assert acme.name == 'ACME'
    assert acme.employees.size() == 3
    def employee = acme.employees[0]
    assert employee instanceof Employee
    assert employee.name == 'Drone 0'
    assert employee.address instanceof Address

1 | creates a new object graph builder
2 | sets the classloader where the classes will be resolved
3 | sets the base package name for classes to be resolved
4 | creates a `Company` instance
5 | with 3 `Employee` instances
6 | each of them having a distinct `Address`

Behind the scenes, the object graph builder:

- will try to match a node name into a `Class`, using a default `ClassNameResolver` strategy that requires a package name

- then will create an instance of the appropriate class using a default `NewInstanceResolver` strategy that calls a no-arg constructor

- resolves the parent/child relationship for nested nodes, involving two other strategies:

  - `RelationNameResolver` will yield the name of the child property in the parent, and the name of the parent property in the child (if any, in this case, `Employee` has a parent property aptly named `company`)

  - `ChildPropertySetter` will insert the child into the parent taking into account if the child belongs to a `Collection` or not (in this case `employees` should be a list of `Employee` instances in `Company`).

All 4 strategies have a default implementation that work as expected if the code follows the usual conventions for writing JavaBeans. In case any of your beans or objects do not follow the convention you may plug your own implementation of each strategy. For example imagine that you need to build a class which is immutable:

    @Immutable
    class Person {
        String name
        int age
    }

Then if you try to create a `Person` with the builder:

    def person = builder.person(name:'Jon', age:17)

It will fail at runtime with:

    Cannot set read-only property: name for class: com.acme.Person

Fixing this can be done by changing the new instance strategy:

    builder.newInstanceResolver = { Class klazz, Map attributes ->
        if (klazz.getConstructor(Map)) {
            def o = klazz.newInstance(attributes)
            attributes.clear()
            return o
        }
        klazz.newInstance()
    }

`ObjectGraphBuilder` supports ids per node, meaning that you can store a reference to a node in the builder. This is useful when multiple objects reference the same instance. Because a property named `id` may be of business meaning in some domain models `ObjectGraphBuilder` has a strategy named `IdentifierResolver` that you may configure to change the default name value. The same may happen with the property used for referencing a previously saved instance, a strategy named `ReferenceResolver` will yield the appropriate value (default is `refId'):

    def company = builder.company(name: 'ACME') {
        address(id: 'a1', line1: '123 Groovy Rd', zip: 12345, state: 'JV')          (1)
        employee(name: 'Duke', employeeId: 1, address: a1)                          (2)
        employee(name: 'John', employeeId: 2 ){
          address( refId: 'a1' )                                                    (3)
        }
    }

1 | an address can be created with an `id`
2 | an employee can reference the address directly with its id
3 | or use the `refId` attribute corresponding to the `id` of the corresponding address

Its worth mentioning that you cannot modify the properties of a referenced bean.

#### 8.1.13. JmxBuilder

See Working with JMX - JmxBuilder for details.

#### 8.1.14. FileTreeBuilder

groovy.util.FileTreeBuilder is a builder for generating a file directory structure from a specification. For example, to create the following tree:

     src/
      |--- main
      |     |--- groovy
      |            |--- Foo.groovy
      |--- test
            |--- groovy
                   |--- FooTest.groovy

You can use a `FileTreeBuilder` like this:

    tmpDir = File.createTempDir()
    def fileTreeBuilder = new FileTreeBuilder(tmpDir)
    fileTreeBuilder.dir('src') {
        dir('main') {
           dir('groovy') {
              file('Foo.groovy', 'println "Hello"')
           }
        }
        dir('test') {
           dir('groovy') {
              file('FooTest.groovy', 'class FooTest extends groovy.test.GroovyTestCase {}')
           }
        }
     }

To check that everything worked as expected we use the following `assert`s:

    assert new File(tmpDir, '/src/main/groovy/Foo.groovy').text == 'println "Hello"'
    assert new File(tmpDir, '/src/test/groovy/FooTest.groovy').text == 'class FooTest extends groovy.test.GroovyTestCase {}'

`FileTreeBuilder` also supports a shorthand syntax:

    tmpDir = File.createTempDir()
    def fileTreeBuilder = new FileTreeBuilder(tmpDir)
    fileTreeBuilder.src {
        main {
           groovy {
              'Foo.groovy'('println "Hello"')
           }
        }
        test {
           groovy {
              'FooTest.groovy'('class FooTest extends groovy.test.GroovyTestCase {}')
           }
        }
     }

This produces the same directory structure as above, as shown by these `assert`s:

    assert new File(tmpDir, '/src/main/groovy/Foo.groovy').text == 'println "Hello"'
    assert new File(tmpDir, '/src/test/groovy/FooTest.groovy').text == 'class FooTest extends groovy.test.GroovyTestCase {}'

### 8.2. Creating a builder

While Groovy has many built-in builders, the builder pattern is so common, you will no doubt eventually come across a building requirement that hasn’t been catered for by those built-in builders. The good news is that you can build your own. You can do everything from scratch by relying on Groovy’s metaprogramming capabilities. Alternatively, the `BuilderSupport` and `FactoryBuilderSupport` classes make designing your own builders much easier.

#### 8.2.1. BuilderSupport

One approach to building a builder is to subclass `BuilderSupport`. With this approach, the general idea is to override one or more of a number of lifecycle methods including `setParent`, `nodeCompleted` and some or all of the `createNode` methods from the `BuilderSupport` abstract class.

As an example, suppose we want to create a builder of tracking athletic training programs. Each program is made up of a number of sets and each set has its own steps. A step might itself be a set of smaller steps. For each `set` or `step`, we might wish to record the `distance` required (or `time`), whether to `repeat` the steps a certain number of times, whether to take a `break` between each step and so forth.

For the simplicity of this example, we’ll capture the training programming using maps and lists. A set has a list of steps. Information like `repeat` count or `distance` will be tracked in a map of attributes for each step and set.

The builder implementation is as follows:

- Override a couple of the `createNode` methods. We’ll create a map capturing the set name, an empty list of steps, and potentially some attributes.

- Whenever we complete a node we’ll add the node to the list of steps for the parent (if any).

The code looks like this:

    class TrainingBuilder1 extends BuilderSupport {
        protected createNode(name) {
            [name: name, steps: []]
        }

        protected createNode(name, Map attributes) {
            createNode(name) + attributes
        }

        void nodeCompleted(maybeParent, node) {
            if (maybeParent) maybeParent.steps << node
        }

        // unused lifecycle methods
        protected void setParent(parent, child) { }
        protected createNode(name, Map attributes, value) { }
        protected createNode(name, value) { }
    }

Next, we’ll write a little helper method which recursively adds up the distances of all substeps, accounting for repeated steps as needed.

    def total(map) {
        if (map.distance) return map.distance
        def repeat = map.repeat ?: 1
        repeat * map.steps.sum{ total(it) }
    }

Finally, we can now use our builder and helper method to create a swimming training program and check its total distance:

    def training = new TrainingBuilder1()

    def monday = training.swimming {
        warmup(repeat: 3) {
            freestyle(distance: 50)
            breaststroke(distance: 50)
        }
        endurance(repeat: 20) {
            freestyle(distance: 50, break: 15)
        }
        warmdown {
            kick(distance: 100)
            choice(distance: 100)
        }
    }

    assert 1500 == total(monday)

#### 8.2.2. FactoryBuilderSupport

A second approach to building a builder is to subclass `FactoryBuilderSupport`. This builder has similar goals to `BuilderSupport` but with extra features to simplify domain class construction.

With this approach, the general idea is to override one or more of a number of lifecycle methods including `resolveFactory`, `nodeCompleted` and `postInstantiate` methods from the `FactoryBuilderSupport` abstract class.

We’ll use the same example as for the previous `BuilderSupport` example; a builder of tracking athletic training programs.

For this example, rather than capturing the training programming using maps and lists, we’ll use some simple domain classes.

The builder implementation is as follows:

- Override the `resolveFactory` method to return a special factory which returns classes by capitalizing the names used in our mini DSL.

- Whenever we complete a node we’ll add the node to the list of steps for the parent (if any).

The code, including the code for the special factory class, looks like this:

    import static org.apache.groovy.util.BeanUtils.capitalize

    class TrainingBuilder2 extends FactoryBuilderSupport {
        def factory = new TrainingFactory(loader: getClass().classLoader)

        protected Factory resolveFactory(name, Map attrs, value) {
            factory
        }

        void nodeCompleted(maybeParent, node) {
            if (maybeParent) maybeParent.steps << node
        }
    }

    class TrainingFactory extends AbstractFactory {
        ClassLoader loader
        def newInstance(FactoryBuilderSupport fbs, name, value, Map attrs) {
            def clazz = loader.loadClass(capitalize(name))
            value ? clazz.newInstance(value: value) : clazz.newInstance()
        }
    }

Rather than using lists and maps, we’ll have some simple domain classes and related traits:

    trait HasDistance {
        int distance
    }

    trait Container extends HasDistance {
        List steps = []
        int repeat
    }

    class Cycling implements Container { }

    class Interval implements Container { }

    class Sprint implements HasDistance {}

    class Tempo implements HasDistance {}

Just like for the `BuilderSupport` example, it is useful to have a helper method to calculate the total distance covered during the training session. The implementation is very similar to our earlier example, but is adjusted to work well with our newly defined traits.

    def total(HasDistance c) {
        c.distance
    }

    def total(Container c) {
        if (c.distance) return c.distance
        def repeat = c.repeat ?: 1
        repeat * c.steps.sum{ total(it) }
    }

Finally, we can now use our new builder and helper methods to create a cycling training program and check its total distance:

    def training = new TrainingBuilder2()

    def tuesday = training.cycling {
        interval(repeat: 5) {
            sprint(distance: 400)
            tempo(distance: 3600)
        }
    }

    assert 20000 == total(tuesday)